Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Song Ten Minutes Ago, Is From Rodgers And Hammerstein...

The song â€Å"Ten Minutes Ago† is from Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Cinderella. A musical adaption of the classic fairytale by the same name, it became a musical sensation when Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein transformed it into a live musical television broadcast in 1957. Starring Julie Andrews, it retold the fairytale of a young girl living a miserable life under the roof of her evil stepmother and her three equally vicious stepsisters. With the Prince’s Ball nearing, the four women in her family were planning to go, leaving Cinderella at home on the night of the ball. When all hope seemed lost, Cinderella’s Fairy Godmother appears, granting her wishes by transforming her from rags to riches, and giving her a pair of glass slippers. Cinderella was able to go to the ball unrecognized, under the condition to be home by midnight, when the spell wore off. At the ball, she meets the prince and there is immediately chemistry, but she rushes to leave before the clock strikes twelve, in fear of the prince seeing her for who she really was and being disgusted by her true self. As she escapes the castle, she loses one of her glass shoes on the steps of the castle. Leaving it behind, she makes it home without being seen by anyone, and resumes her life as a poor girl being abused by her family. The next day, the prince announces a search for Cinderella, not knowing her name or remembering her face. He went around town and asked women to try on the glass shoe, believing that he would

Monday, May 18, 2020

A Reflection On The Semester - 871 Words

A Reflection on the Semester I was not sure what to expect when I signed up for Learning Theory: Worldviews, Paradigms, and Practices for the 21ST Century Classroom. I am a novice in the field of teaching, only having taught labs to undergraduates while in graduate school. I was pleasantly surprised by the information presented to me on MindTap. The book, Psychology Applied to Teaching, opened my eyes to the wide range of theories and teaching techniques. The book also explained why certain evaluation techniques and methods are used, which has always been a curiosity for me. Everything was wrapped up with an important lesson, teaching is a group effort. While in school I had learned about different types of learners; mainly regarding visual, auditory, read-write, and kinesthetic. I had never considered the psychological angle to teaching. Vygotsky’s theory, that social and cultural forces shape our cognitive development, caught my interest. I can relate to this theory because I gained a lot of my knowledge, and skills, from my mother and then from teachers throughout school. Another aspect of teaching I had not considered is that culture and socioeconomic diversity can affect how students may learn. A student, who is an immigrant, will process information slightly different and may need special accommodations or require a different technique to get information to translate. The challenge is to open yourself up to other, scientifically proven, methods that may be outside ofShow MoreRelatedSemester Reflection994 Words   |  4 PagesSemester Reflection As the semester started, I had set my mind that I was destined to achieve a lot. During the start of the semester, I had several difficulties writing English assignments especially in terms of grammar. During the first week of the semester, I sat down, organized my thoughts and comprehended that throughout the semester, I had to achieve all that I had planned for. As a student of English, I had planned that throughout the semester, I had to improve my skills as a scholar, writerRead MoreSemester Reflection Essay - Semester958 Words   |  4 PagesSemester Reflection essay After almost completed my first semester successfully her at Arizona State University, I got educated in a variety of subjects from my classes, but the class the inspired my the most and had a great affect in the way I look to my career was the Student Success in Business class WPC 101. I remember the first day of this class where I was required to write an essay about My Sun Devil Store, and from that moment I knew that this class is going to be full of inspiring materialsRead MoreEnd Of Semester Reflection. This Semester Has Been A Tough915 Words   |  4 Pages End of Semester Reflection This semester has been a tough one but I feel like I have learned a lot about pharmacy over these past few months. I have had a lot of courses so far and in each one, I have been able to make connections to the practice of pharmacy. In this essay, I will reflect on some of things I learned in my courses and how they relate to my future career as a pharmacist. I will also identify areas where certain topics intersect in different courses. In my pharmaceutics courseRead MoreReflection On My First Semester Portfolio1391 Words   |  6 Pages Looking through my first semester portfolio I had set a few goals for myself in which I have been trying to reach throughout the second semester which is almost coming to an end. At the end of first semester I had set three goals for myself that consisted of working on my grammar errors, procrastination in writing papers, and fixing small mistakes that easily can be fixed. In order to achieve my goals I had to make a plan to reach them. As for fixing my grammar errors I have been putting my papersRead MoreListening Abilities Class Reflection At The Beginning Of The Semester1265 Words   |  6 PagesListening Abilities Class Reflection At the beginning of the semester, when we were analyzing some of our undesirable listening habits, I narrowed it down to one that I really wanted to focus on improving this semester, that being remembering. In attempt to better my memory skills, I compiled a list of positive and productive steps that I was going to work on, on a daily basis to help me change how I listen. Those being; avoid distractions, such as my phone or other electronics, while others areRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflecting On My Semester Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesReflecting on My Semester This semester, I have attended each class and have been an active participant in those classes. Whether it was orally or active listening, I made comments that were relevant and thought provoking in response to my classmate’s writing, my classmate’s ideas, or another essay. I attended all workshops days worked well with my peers when it came to workshopping. I think that I have developed my writing since the first essay of this semester based on the feedback I have receivedRead MoreReflection On My Learning Skills Development During This Semester1266 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing: Portfolio Assignment Name Institution Professor Course Date Task 1: Reflection on your learning skills development during this semester Nurse education comprises of practical and theoretical training offered to student with the aim of preparing them for their roles as nursing professionals. This semester has broadened my learning skills, approaches and strategies. My expectations was to develop effective communication skills needed in the nursing profession besides effectiveRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Reflections On My Journey Till Mid Semester1584 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Analysis of the Reflections on My Journey till Mid Semester Reclusiveness has been a very deterring aspect in my life. It has affected me as a person, as a team member and as an emerging health professional. However, during my participation in this course I have come to understand that it is important to make myself better, and this will resonate with other aspects of my life. My journey started when I decided to select this course. Of course, I just picked it on a whim because theRead MoreSemester Enrichment Reflection : Sfsu s Sofa Sin Casa Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages Semester Enrichment Reflection #2: SFSU’s Sofa Sin Casa On December 1s, 2016 at 8:00pm our group went to a school play held here in San Francisco State University at the McKenna Theatre. The play is called â€Å"Sofa Sin Casa† which translates to a couch with no home. The play was roughly two hours with one brief intermission, mixed with dance choreography and singing.   The play features a red couch in San Francisco, â€Å"The new Silicon Valley†, moving from place to place and giving people a placeRead MoreMy Reflections on My 1st Semester in High School Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesSecond semester can be harsh sometimes. Stressing myself for so many things coming my way and I must find a method to try to get everything well and done. Being a student can be rough for me and as I reflect back to first semester I do realize that I got to keep my head up and improve all my weakness and retouch my strengths to make them stronger. I learned that I am a good student but putting more effort in where I need more effort will ma ke me greater. My reading skills in my opinion are decent

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Noah Cooper. Mrs. Sites. English 10A. 15 April 2017. Lee

Noah Cooper Mrs. Sites English 10A 15 April 2017 Lee Harvey Oswald: The Sole Assassin? The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he did not have confederates who are still at large; and that evidence was such that he would have been convicted at trial. Unfortunately the facts on Oswald seem about too pat- too obvious (Marxist, Cuba, Russian wife, etc.) The Dallas police have put out statements on the Communist conspiracy theory and it was they who were in charge when he was shot and thus silenced (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 2.) The assassination of John F. Kennedy has been a topic of debate for many years. The aforementioned quote is a prime example of why many individuals feel the JFK assassination was a conspiracy.†¦show more content†¦In the hours after the assassination Oswald murdered a police officer by the name of J.D. Tippit (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 1.). Soon after Oswald was arrested, and whilst in interrogation Oswald claimed that he was framed (Vollbach, Michael 1.). There is no documentation or recordings of this interrogation, however (Vollbach, Michael 1.). While in custody Oswald took a Paraffin test, which detects gunpowder residue. The results of the test showed that Oswald had not fired the Mannlicher-Caracano rifle found on the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository (Vollbach, Michael 1.). The Mannlicher-Caracano rifle that was found was a notoriously poorly made and inaccurate rifle (Bisaro, Anna 1.). During a transfer to different prison facility Lee Harvey Oswald was assassinated by Jack Ruby (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 1.). Jack Ruby was a local club owner who was known to have ties to organized crime (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 2.) . The CIA was acknowledged to have ties to organized crime, particularly when they were attempting to assassinate Fidel Castro (â€Å"Why the CIA has confessed to a Cover-Up in the JFK Assassination 1.). On November 29, 1963 the Warren Commission was formed to investigate JFK’s assassination (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 2.). The commission’s body members were Senators Russell and Cooper, Representatives Ford and Boggs, former High Commissioner of Germany John McCloy, and Allen Dulles, CIA director for several years until after the failed Bay of Pigs

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

A Historical View of Egyptian’s Mathematics System

Moua 1 Vee Moua Math 101-Term Paper Dr. Olimb A Historical View of Egyptian’s Mathematics System In historic times; math was well known for helping Egyptian people keep track of their property, money, taxes, livestock, land and sometimes people. Math did indeed help the Egyptian community and their king by building pyramids, tombs, art crafts, and using math to solve the flood on Nile Valley. Egypt was striving for a new era to come along with their mathematical achievement. As history has it, Egypt was the land of lands and great art with their high pyramids. During the year 3000 BC when two nations decides to come in one nation so that the nation of Egypt can be under one king. Since Egypt has become under one nation; the land and it’s’†¦show more content†¦As Egypt grows into a great land of arts and crafts so did their knowledge of math grew as they find ways to count, solve problems, and every day use of math. Ever since then Egyptians quickly develop their own use of math skills and numbers to use. Meanwhile Egypt already has their own writing system, they quickly convert into the numeral system which is called Egyptian Numerals (O΄Connor and Robertson, 2000). Egyptians were very careful because mathematics required them to deal the form of fractions. â€Å"In ancient Egypt mathematics was used for measuring time, straight lines, the level of the Nile floodings, calculating areas of land, counting money, working out taxe s and cooking. Math was even used in mythology - the Egyptians figured out the numbers of days in the year with their calendar† (Seawright, 2013). It is true that Nile Valley flooded yearly. As Stevenson, 2000 wrote Nile is the longest river and flows from three branches: â€Å"The Blue Nile, the White Nile and the Atbara. They join far south of Egypt to become a single river a mile wide† (Stevenson, 2000). The Egypt king want to learn when the flood will start, therefore; he order to find someone who works with geography and use their knowledge of math to help solve or get close to when the Nile river will flood. The king hopes that if he could get close to the dates and time of theShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Life2317 Words   |  10 Pagesfor â€Å"religion†. The gods were tied to all activities in daily life, and no Egyptian citizen believed that the gods were fallible. While there generally were slight differences with how the gods interacted with the w orld, most citizens had the same views. There were the chief deities, Horus and Amon-Re, and then there were gods of specific aspects of life. An important god is Osiris, god of the afterlife. The afterlife was an essential part of the Egyptian society, and embalming a dead body was a

Justice in Antigone Free Essays

Antiquity and the 19th Century (Ulfers) William Rauscher Thursday, 9:30AM Justice in Antigone In Sophocles’ Antigone, two notions of ‘justice’ are presented, which conflict with each other. Creon’s form of justice rewards the loyal Eteocles and punishes the traitor Polyneices, by refusing to give Polyneices proper burial rites. This form of justice directly conflicts with Antigone’s idea of justice, which doesn’t differentiate between the â€Å"wicked† and the â€Å"just. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice in Antigone or any similar topic only for you Order Now † These two conflicting thoughts on justice illustrate two classic philosophies. Creon represents a Paramenidean view of justice, while Antigone represents a Heraclitean view of justice. Paramenidean thought splits the world into two systems, where â€Å"Being† is primary and â€Å"Becoming† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture). To Paramenides, â€Å"Being† is associated with the idea of â€Å"oneness† and â€Å"timelessness,† while any â€Å"Becoming† or process is an illusion produced by the senses. This dualistic worldview simplifies everyday occurrences and thoughts into opposites, which are unchangeable. In contrast, Heraclitean thought presents â€Å"Becoming† as primary, while â€Å"Being† is secondary (Ulfers, Lecture). Heraclitus regards change and temporality as ultimate in a perpetual process of â€Å"Becoming. † Heraclitus goes on to argue that opposites are simultaneously present in a state known as chiasmic unity. Chiasmic unity constitutes a paradoxical unity of opposites, which binds opposites together and keeps them apart. Heraclitean thought favors the logic of â€Å"both/and,† which violates the Paramenidean logic of â€Å"either/or. † Antigone presents a Heraclitean view of justice in a conversation with her sister Ismene abut Creon’s proclamation that their brother, Polyneices, will ot receive proper burial rites. Antigone determines that Creon has no authority to dictate burial rites: â€Å"It is not for him [Creon] to keep me from my own† (Sophocles, 163). By choosing to defy Creon’s decree, Antigone accepts her fate as â€Å"a criminal-but a religious one,† revealing that she wants to make her act of defiance a public example. Antigone does not fear Creon’s threat of punishment because she follows a different form of justice based on a higher religious authority. Religion functions in a chiasmic structure, where the opposite values of â€Å"wicked† and â€Å"just,† lose their oppositional aspects (Ulfers, Lecture). Antigone’s commitment to a Heraclitean view of justice allows her to defy the sovereign, yet keep her honor: â€Å"No suffering of mine will be enough to make me die ignobly† (Sophocles 165). In contrast, Ismene chooses to follow Creon’s interpretation of justice because he is the current ruling power, whose authority is unquestioned. She is not able to see past the â€Å"either/or† logic Creon has imposed on his people. As a wiser, older sister, Ismene warns Antigone about disobeying Creon, pleading with Antigone to come to her senses: â€Å"†¦and see how miserable our end shall be if in the teeth of law we shall transgress against the sovereign’s decree and power†¦Extravagant action is not sensible† (Sophocles, 163). Ismene determines that Antigone’s intended action is flawed because it goes beyond the simplicity of following the sovereign’s law. Despite these warnings, Antigone is compelled to defy Creon’s proclamation as a result of her Heraclitean view of justice. Creon confronts Antigone for defying his decree. In contrast to Antigone, Creon represents the Paramenidean view of justice, which is based on an oppositional order of wicked and just, punishment and reward (Ulfers, Lecture). Creon extends these distinctions to the realm of the dead: â€Å"My enemy is still my enemy even in death† (Sophocles 181). Creon believes that by extending the intolerance of treachery into death’s realm, he will set an example that will dissuade any future uprisings against his rule. Antigone shows no remorse for her actions, believing that Creon’s rule does not extend to the realm of the dead: â€Å"†¦it was not Zeus that made the proclamation; nor did Justice, which lives with those below, enact such laws as that, for mankind. I did not believe your proclamation had such power to enable one who will someday die to override God’s ordinances† (Sophocles 178). Antigone disagrees with Creon, since death is inevitable and is neither considered a punishment nor a reward. In this sense, judgment is suspended in the realm of death. She feels that the mortal Creon cannot make a proclamation that governs the realm of the dead. Antigone embodies a â€Å"law† that revolves around the chiasmic unity of the opposite values of honor and dishonor attributed to Etocles and Polyneices, respectively (Ulfers, Lecture). She will not give allegiance to the temporal rules of Creon, since she will be in conflict with the higher authority of the gods regarding the realm of death: â€Å"The god of death demands these rites for both† (Sophocles 181). As a result of Antigone’s public display of disobedience toward Creon’s rule, Creon believes that he is forced to fulfill the justified punishment of death on Antigone. In order to uphold his authority as a good ruler, he feels that he has to rule with intolerance toward disobedience: â€Å"The man the city set up in authority must be obeyed in small things and in just but also in their opposites† (Sophocles, 187). In Creon’s mind, creating a victorious rule means inflexible justice, order, and discipline. This unchanging mentality of a strict separation of being either loyal or disloyal and receiving either reward or punishment represents a Paramenidean view of justice. His form of justice is devoid of leniency and mercy, only seeing his own perspective on justice. Creon finally realizes the true â€Å"injustice† of his law only after the tragic deaths of his son, wife, and Antigone: â€Å"The mistakes of a blinded man are themselves rigid and laden with death† (Sophocles, 209). His inflexible decrees blinded him from true justice by locking him into a rigid Paramenidean view of the world. After facing unparalleled tragedies, he ultimately has gained insight into Antigone’s â€Å"justice. † Creon has switched from the Paramenidean separation of opposites to the chiasmic unity of opposites: â€Å"Everything in my hands is crossed† (Sophocles, 212). Creon is now able to comprehend that not everything can be categorized into separate distinctions to be judged, seeming to accept the Heraclitean view of justice. Creon sees the error in his notion of justice, but he is too late to prevent the tragedy that befalls him. His absolute power of ruling combined with his pride and arrogance leads him to be blinded to Antigone’s beliefs. At the end of the play, Creon gains â€Å"wisdom† from his â€Å"unwelcome fate† realizing that he â€Å"[should] have kept the old accepted laws† (Sophocles 204, 212). This realization bestows upon him the knowledge to rule in favor of the â€Å"both/and† Heraclitean view of justice, rather than the â€Å"either/or† Paramenidean view of justice that he once followed. How to cite Justice in Antigone, Essay examples

Carrefours Failure free essay sample

Critique 1: Group work Initial Presentation Company chosen: CARREFOUR’s Failure in Japan The presentation begins with telling the viewers what her team will be discussing throughout the presentation in the order as per heading suggest (Carrefour- The world’s second largest food retailer with 10000plus stores worldwide and opens in Japan in 2000). This gives a sense of scale, time and highlights the sheer size of the company. This is done briefly but is essential as it then proceed straight into the situation, the company’s failure in Japan.This serves as an anchor for the rest of the topic (Weeks, 2005). The team has identified failure of the company to expand in Japan effectively. This is followed by the Entry Strategy which led to its failure in clear, simple keywords, visually colourful and diagrammatically communicated to the audience. Note that there was no long table or confusing data that maybe too confusing, given the short time frame (8min) and its presentation purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrefours Failure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rationale of the failure were sufficient as it has identified and communicated the reasoning quiet effectively (Failure to succeed in Japan due failure to understand Japanese market , inadequate research done on customer behaviour as they were following their generic Asian model, Japan is different). We were given an overview of the failed entry strategy and explanation of why it has failed. This however, can be stronger with the use of quotations from upper management such as the CEO, Joise Luis Duran said â€Å"Let’s be honest, Japan was a short and expensive adventure for us,† taken from extract of the BBC website (BBC News, 2005).The team gave a strong argument assisted by factual information in that Carrefour sold its eight hypermarkets and decided to join forces with Aeon with limited commercial activities. The use of lecture notes â€Å"Overview of Major Analytical Frameworks† serves as a guide that includes Porters Diamond and the SWOT analysis (IBUS 5001 Lecture Notes, 2011). There were merely a mention of these Models given the short time limit but we can expect it to be elaborated in depth for the final presentation of the project. For example when talked about one of Porter’s Diamond e. g. Domestic Demand Conditions the analysis of the discussion simply states that due to lack of understanding consumer’s behaviour but without going into details as to what they are exactly. Japanese consumers have a different shopping habit compares the other Asian countries, they like to shop on a day to day basis not collectively but in small amount each time which proves difficult for Carrefour’s entry (BBC News, 2005). However, the application of these models to the discussion adds credibility as it shows strength, structure and depth to the Intro which further makes the argument more convincing.The close of the Intro were without summing up the key points as a reminder to the audience of the subject discussed but rather rounded the Intro by the insertion of â€Å"any questions? † Overall, The first speaker had open the Intro, though very structured and well analysed evidenced by the degree of articulacy in their PowerPoint and context relevance of their speech is to the visual communication, the delivery was fast paced and without the well presented PowerPoint one could loose focus on the topic discussed.In comparison to other presentations, his one is more convincing than the rest as it shows higher level of research, analysis which reinforces the subject discussed. References BBC News (2005), Carrefour exits Japan Mexico, , viewed 10th April 2010 IBUS_5001, Strategy, Innovation Global Business: Week 5, pp 1-6 Weeks H (2005) The Best Memo You’ll Ever Write, Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Spring 5, pp 3-5

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Translation Theory Revision free essay sample

Susan Basset: Telling the same things in a different language in a way that sounds natural, getting the point across. Translation types: Semiotic classification: Intralingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language Interlingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Intersemiotic – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Binary classifications: Free translation translator replaces a social, or cultural, reality in the source text with a corresponding reality in the target text Literal rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word. Overt – is a TT that does not mean to be an original. The individual text function cannot be tha same for TT and ST since the cultures are different. Covert – ST is not linked to the ST culture or audience; both ST and TT address their respective receivers directly. Domestication vs foreigization: translation methods that move the writer toward [the reader], i. We will write a custom essay sample on Translation Theory Revision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . , fluency, and those that move the reader toward [the author] (domestication) , i. e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text (foreignization). Documentary (preserve the original exoticizing setting) vs instrumental (adaptation of the setting to the target culture) Text Type Theory: Katharina Reiss. Determine, what kind of text you are dealing with: †¢ Informative – plain facts (newspaper article) †¢ Expressive – creative composition (poetry) †¢ Operative – including behavioural responses (ads) †¢ Multi/audio-medial (films or visual/oral ads) Equivalence: Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source texts grammatical voice, etc. ), while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language). J. C. Catford †¢ A formal correspondent – any TL category which van be said to occupy the ‘same’ place in SL †¢ A textual equivalent – any TL text or part of text that van be said to be the equivalent of the ST Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) A firmly empirical (kogemuslik) discipline †¢ Describes and maps translations †¢ Proposes hypotheses as why the translations are like they are †¢ Avoids being prescriptive The aim of DTS is to acquire insight into the nature and function of translation as a cultural and historical phenomenon DTS leading figures : Gideon Toury, Andre Lefevere Early translation theory Cicero – senise-for-sense. Synthesized in Latin Greek philosophers. The founder of Western translation theory. The 1st to comment on the process of translation. Translation serves as the study and imitation of rhetorical models. Free translation that is focused on the meaning. Horace model – target orientation. Aesthetically pleasing and creative translation. Art of Poetry. Quintilian – remarks on translations are v much in the Ciceroian tradition. Makes a difference between: metaphrasis – replacing a single word with a single word; paraphrasis – replacing a phrase with a phrase. Jerome model – translation Bible –gt; latin „Vulgateâ€Å" (405. y). Translated sense-for-sense, rather that word-for-word. German Romanticism: individual author’s vision. Author is a creator. Shlegel: all writings in act of translation: Schleiermacher: translator could take the reader along and make him walk with the author or in the other way around.. Word-for-word translation onorthodox view of translation. †¢ Herder, Goethe, Humbolt, the Shlegel brothers, Shleiermacher †¢ translations of Homeric epics, the Greek tragedies and Shakespeare †¢ Emergence of the German tradition as opposed to the French †¢ strive for an independent literary culture Goethe: 3 stages of translation: 1) aquainted us the foreign language in his own terms (Luther Kings’s Bible) 2) French tradition – use of its own criteria, own rules ) The same idendity between source and target language. Eugene Nida. Formal equivalence – attention to the transfer of message, both form and content Dynamic / functional equivalence – seeks the closest natural equivalence for the source language message Principles: 1. making sense 2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original 3. having a natural and easy fo rm of expression 4. producing a similar response †¢ 1. give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. †¢ 2. reproduce the style and manner of writing of the original. †¢ 3. ave all the ease of the original composition. Nida’s equivalent effect criticized: †¢ too concerned with the word level †¢ difficult or impossible to achieve †¢ overly theological Nida differentiates between: †¢ Linguistic meaning. the meaningful relationship between words, phrases and sentences. †¢ Referential meaning. â€Å"the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, relations† Methods: hierarchical structuring, componential analysis, semantic structure analysis †¢ Emotive meaning Toury? s norm theory: Defines social norms. Preliminary norm: concerned with translation policy The initial norm: expressed through operational norms which direct actual decisions made during the translating process. Corpus studies †¢ Corpus – compurerized collection of documents †¢ A token – each word as it occurs †¢ A type – each different word The type-token ratio is a text? s lexical density(tihedus) Postcolonialism: †¢ Resist domination †¢ Emphasis on the impact and significance of translation in a context of political, military, economic and cultural power differentials (vahe) †¢ Is characterizied by hybridity (ristandumine) and self-reflection English theory Early English translation of the Bible: John Wycliffe – published Bible’s English version (late 14th c). Tried to translate the meaning, but preserve its form. William Tyndale – 1525 Bible’s German version (Greek) The King James Bible 1611 Bible’s English version Early translations of the Bible in English †¢ Wycliffe Bible 1380-1384 revised by John Purvey in 1408 . Published Bible English version. Trying to translate the meaning but preserve its form (w-for-w) †¢ William Tyndale 1525 (w-for-w) †¢ Bishops Bible 1568 The King James Bible the Authorized Version 1604 -1611 John Dryden on translation: 1) metaphrase – word-for-word; 2) paraphrase – sense-for-sense 3)imitation – absolute freedom. Tytler 18th c: 1) translation should give source language complete context. 2) style and manner should be similar. 3) reader should see it as fluid as original text. Essays on the translations, self-standing thoug hts on translations, artistic activity = transl. Edward Fitzgerald: Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Persian poetry, imperial attitude. uatrain rhyme scheme: AABA Early theory and practice of translation in England: draws on two traditions: †¢ Classical Latin translation, from the Greek †¢ Early Christian Latin translation from the Scriptures, the Hebrew, Aramaic King Alfred (871-99) and his policy of translation. †¢ Augustine’s Soliloquies and Gregory’s Pastoral Care †¢ Gregory’s Dialogues †¢ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People Benedictine reform a revival of monasticism, ?lfric’s homilies a need to educate the uneducated