Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Essay History Topics

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Essay History Topics Choosing Good Essay History Topics Irrespective of the quantity or variety of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. To begin with, the paper is passed through Copyscape application to make sure that it isn't plagiarized. Or it might focus on medical discoveries, such as the polio vaccine or penicillin. The Battle Over Essay History Topics and How to Win It Besides them, you will find numerous essay topic generators that may give you interesting ideas. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Subsequently, it has been defined in a variety of ways. Persuasive essays are typical assignments in numerous classes, including history courses. Therefore, nobody can learn that you obtain a history essay sample from us. You must think for yourself and develop a bright idea' to compose a great history essay. Your worries about how to compose a master essay is going to be gone when you purchase master's essay from us. Before continuing from the debut, readers need to have a very good idea about what is to follow in the essay, and they shouldn't be confused about what the essay is all about. In any case, you're permitted to communicate directly with the writer handling your paper so you can make any clarifications. To write this kind of essay, the author should have real and extensive understanding of the topic. Definitions of Essay History Topics When you compose an essay on moral topics, describe the issue from various points of view, showing either side of the exact same issue. You don't need to discuss major troubles and changes in education in case you don't want. When you go back to the question, it might be that the problems have resolved themselves. So think as difficult as you can in regards to the significance of the question, about the issues it raises and the ways that y ou can answer it. Many poorly crafted essays are produced on account of a scarcity of preparation and confidence. At times, writers can begin their essay in the center or at the end, as opposed to at the start, and work backward. It also needs to be deep enough so you could cover the needed range of words in your undertaking. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay History Topics? Quite simply, you've got to believe very carefully about the question you are requested to answer. The crucial word in the above mentioned paragraphs is think. Some topics might have a connection to the law for instance, death penalty or abortion legalization. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. It is an impossible task to compose a fantastic history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about in any way. The best way to success require s a lot of time and energy. Or if you're requested to explain the successes of a specific individual, again avoid writing the very first thing which comes into your head. Try to remember, that the very best thing about compare and contrast essay is it provides a synopsis of an issue without convincing anybody that the author's perspective is proper. The sole thing you must remember about picking the topic is it has to interest you. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too large. Maybe you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's the reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. Formal essays are usually academic in nature and tackle significant topics. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections. Remain realistic and pick a topic you are able to research. If you want the subject of your history essay, you will delight in doing research for it. The Basic Facts of Essay History Topics You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in lots of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Books should not be banned. History dissertation is a genre with a lengthy tradition.

Research Methodology Scientific And Systematic Approach...

Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction Methodology is a scientific and systematic approach for relevant information on a specific topic. Suitable and correct usage of methodologies determines the consistency of success of any research. Bryman (2008) and Ethridge (2004) suggest that methodology used in conducting a research ascertains the objectives of the research. The collection of data, structuring and analyzing the results or findings needs proper usage of techniques and methodology. This chapter illustrates the objective, required approach, philosophy and strategies used to construct the findings and conclusions made from the study. Considering the importance of the research these steps have been adopted that will also show understandings and reasons of selecting that particular method. The type of the research is case study based. The case study provides a vehicle through which several qualitative methods can be combined, thereby avoiding to great reliance on one single approach (Bryman and Bell, 2012). 3.2 Objectives Primarily, this research concentrates on improving the cycle time of the production of Exide batteries and thereby reducing the production costs. Specifically, the three main objectives are, To determine the cycle time of assembly line number 4 in the plant Provide solutions to reduce long cycle time Improve the quality of production of batteries produced 3.2.1 Research Approach Problem of optimization is mostly seen in production industry. 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Ethical and Legal Issues in Withdrawal of Life Sustaining Treatment in

Question: Discuss about theEthical and Legal Issues in Withdrawal of Life Sustaining Treatment in Infants. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemma is the situation, where the healthcare professionals have two choose between, what has to be done and what is correct to do. The ethical dilemma can be very stress for the healthcare professional providing acute care to the small infants. This paper is based on the case study of the baby Thomas, who was delivered in the 28 weeks gestation. After the birth, the baby was immediately transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where the baby was administered with many invasive measures for ensuring adequate cardio-respiratory function and cerebral perfusion, as well as preventing hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, malnutrition, thromboses and sepsis. In the condition of the baby, he also suffered from recurrent episodes of apnoea. This is the condition, where the infants born at less than 35 week of gestation stop breathing for 15-20 seconds during sleep. The child had been in the NICU for 52 days, but his condition has not stabilized and he is providing poor respon se towards treatment. Head of the ICU and Anaesthesia Department, found medical futility of continuing the treatment. The people affected by ethical dilemma in this case scenario are the nurses and physiotherapist as well as the medical staff. Ethical Dilemma Ethical issues related to the premature birth of the baby can be very distressing. According to the given case scenario, the stakeholders involved in the ethical dilemma are the nurses, medical staff members and physiotherapists. The condition of the baby Thomas was very severe and according to the Head of the ICU and Anaesthesia Department, the ongoing treatments and invasive measures would be of no use. According to the potentially lengthening the treatment would not increase the length of his life. The chances of survival are very low, and even if the baby survives, he will suffer from severe neurological damage and may have to face serious disabilities. Continuing the treatment on the life support system is not appropriate for the child himself. The primary role of the healthcare professional in this regard is to inform and educate parents about the condition of the child. However, in this case the social worker believes that parents are not informed nor they were prepared for th e high probability that their baby may not survive. There are many ethical dilemma associated with this case scenario. According to the study of Bolton (2013), ethical nursing is the practice that requires analysing any kind of the bioethical issues from the perspectives of the nurses and medical staff members. This kind of ethical dilemma requires the ethical framework, which can assist them in taking the correct decisions. The nursing staff and other stakeholders involved in the case considered that the use of the life support system is useless in the case of baby Thomas and due to many physical problems he will not be able to survive. The child has been in the NICU since 52 days, and since then his condition has not improved. His admission in NICU on the request of his parents has also increased the inadequate financial burden. Parents believe that this is not correct and withdrawal of the life support system and NICU care must be done according to their concern (Larcher et al, 2015). The studies have shown the evidences, where the parents believe that they have and they should have the rights of making the primary decision related to the limitation and withdrawal of the life-sustaining medical treatmentfor their severely ill infants (Willems, Verhagen, van Wijlick, 2014). However the majority of the parent healthcare professionals believe that the primary decision should not solely be given in the hands of parents. The final decisions should be made by the physicians (Chung et al, 2016). Ethical Principles Beauchamp and Childress (2012) have developed the four important ethical principles for delivering the nursing practice through biomedical ethics. These principles can be used as the framework for analyzing the ethical situation. The four principles in Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice. Principle of Autonomy states that rights and dignity of every individual must be respected, which also includes the decision making capability of the person. Beneficence stands for providing balance benefits to the patient towards risk. Non-maleficence stands for avoiding any kind of harm to the patient and justice is to make a balance between risks and benefits. However, according the study of Tingle and Cribb (2013) this kind of ethical principle is limited and there should be the involvement of the professional decision making and judgment. According to these ethical principles the young infants are not competent to make their decisions, thus parental autonomy is important in the decision making. The ethical dilemma for the nursing professionals and other stakeholders in the given case scenario would be to stop the NICU treatment , as it is in best interest of the child and will also stop the financial burden, because the survival chance of child are very low. According to the case scenario, there has been a lack of nursing virtues that must be practiced by the healthcare professionals. The ethical dilemma arise because healthcare professional, do not informed the parents. The healthcare practice virtues must involve compassion, care, honest, courage and kindness that lack in the healthcare professionals in given case (Meert et al, 2015). Nurses and healthcare professionals working in the environment where highly complex technological care is required for the patients are often exposed to many ethical issues and challenges that question their integrity. Nurses are considered to be at the highest risk of getting affected by moral integrity and ethical dilemmas in the Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (Eden, Callister, 2010). The healthcare professionals, in such cases the healthcare professionals are required to be intact with their own ethical obligations and must offer the best possible care and support to the infant and their family. The appropriate guidance to the parents is very important. Family centered care the major principle of the pediatric nursing (Maguire et al, 2012). It values the involvement and attitude of the parents. This kind of approach is meant to provide quality care to children and care should be planned around the complete family. According to the given case scenario of the baby Thomas, the family centered approach and its efficacy is also challenged. Concern Towards Withdrawal of Treatment The parents of baby Thomas wants that their baby must be given the chance and mechanical ventilation should not be removed. According the research study of Cereda and Carey (2012), some of the healthcare professionals and nursing professionals can make the decision about carrying out life-sustaining treatment in NICU, of the parents make request. This is done to respect parental autonomy. But, there are strong doubts about the benefits and efficiency of such treatment. This is because such treatment can also increase the suffering of the infant. The studies also display the evidences that show that parents must be given time to assimilate these recommendations from clinicians, or their distress levels will increase(Cereda and Carey, 2012) This is very distressing and challenge to decode whether child should be kept alive or should die, mainly for the parents this situation could be very distressing also they may experience loss, pain, frustration and anger. During this process, it is important and essential that parents receive continuous support throughout this process (Eden and Callister 2010). Family centered approach is menat to to provide emotional, psychological and compassionate support during the process of NICU treatment. With lack of support, parents may feel vulnerable towards the situation and may believe that treatment will keep their child alive. The palliative care given to infants requires to provide religious, pastoral and spiritual support (Mancini et al 2014). A study of parents views found these interventions, along with memory-making, are invaluable in th The ethical approach towards the treatment of the patients and mainly the infants involves to understand that whether the proposed treatment will improve the patients quality of life (Hagger, Ellis, Strumidlo, 2016). In the case of baby Thomas the healthcare professionals understood that ongoing invasive treatment will not improve the patients condition, as the chances of survival are nearly zero as well as child may also suffer from severe neurological damage. Intensive treatment in the case of baby Thomas is of not benefit, and burden of such treatment also overshadows the benefits. According to the evidence based study of the Baird, (2011), the long term invasive and ventilation treatment can increase the suffering of the child and reduces the quality of life. Baby Thomas suffers from bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which has resulted due to mechanical ventilation. The efforts for the extubation of the baby are also found to be unsuccessful. This condition of the baby cannot be cured. The ethical and legal parameter involved in the case requires the healthcare professionals to find contextual factors that can be responsible for affecting the decision. Thomas has been born in 24 weeks gestation, which reduces the chances of survival. He has also faced the recurrent episodes of apnoea and required resuscitation several times. Without invasive treatments also Thomass condition would have deteriorated and ultimately had resulted in his death. However, the treatment was carried out for 52 days, but no signs of improvement were seen. Legal and Ethical Solution The ethical principle is to respect life of every individual and must take measures to save it. If the ongoing invasive treatment is considered to alleviate the suffering then such process will be considered as prolonging the dying unethical use of the medical resources (Mancini et al, 2014). According to the evidence based study of Hagger, Ellis, Strumidlo (2016), states that In such cases, it is necessary to facilitate a family centred individual approach that considers the unique context and quality of life as assessed in partnership with the family (p. 50). For making and ethical and legal resolution for this problem, it is important that there is unanimity must be achieved in decision making process between healthcare professionals and parents (Janvier, Barrington, Farlow, 2014). Parents should be informed about all the aspects of the treatment and their childs condition (Dupont-Thibodeau et al, 2014). In the case of conflict in decision making, clinical ethics committee must be involved. The role of clinical ethics committee is to help the healthcare organizations in making ethical decisions. If the resolution with the help of this committee could be achieved, legal consideration should be addressed regarding withholding life sustaining treatment in case of infants. The rights of the child are protected under the law and it is considered that healthcare professionals have the moral obligation to provide quality of care. Withholding or withdrawal of the treatment must be balanced with duty of care and benefit of the patient (Willmott, White, Then, 2014). It may be believed the withdrawal of the life sustaining treatment could be the denial of the basic rights of the infants, but it is considered to be within law if it is done in best interest of the child. If the ongoing invasive treatment is increasing the burden of treatment on child, if it is impacting the severity of the childs condition, instead of providing benefits if the treatment is increasing suffering and if the condition of child is that it becomes difficult to or impossible to improve, the treatment can be withdrawn (Larcher et al, 2015). Thus, the decision should be made with mutual agreement of the parents and healthcare professionals. For the legal and ethical decision making the three main aspects should be considered that are quality of life, comparison of burden and benefits of treatment and futility of the ongoing treatment (Willmott et al, 2014). Conclusion The paper is based on the case study of a infant. Baby Thomas was born in the 24 weeks gestation period, which makes him a premature baby. The survival of the premature babies is often difficult. On the request of the parents, baby was transferred to NICU, where he had been getting the treatment for various physical problems. Even after 52 days of admission in NICU, no significant changes in the condition of the child were seen. Due to which Healthcare professionals decided to withdraw the life sustaining treatment, as it was increasing treatment burden on child as well as increasing the burden of financial cost. Paper discussed the ethical and legal parameters of withdrawal of the life sustaining treatment and provided a legal and ethical resolution for the problem. References Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2012).Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, USA. Baird, H. S. (2011). Paediatric long term ventilation; the right or wrong move? A critical analysis based on case studies in picu, exploring the controversial issues surrounding the initiation of long term ventilation in children with chronic disease.Archives of Disease in Childhood,96(Suppl 1), A80-A81. Bolton, K. (2013). Ethical Aspects of Withdrawing or Withholding Treatment.Modern Medicine. Chung, G. S., Yoon, J. D., Rasinski, K. A., Curlin, F. A. (2016). US Physicians Opinions about Distinctions between Withdrawing and Withholding Life-Sustaining Treatment.Journal of religion and health, 1-11. Dupont-Thibodeau, A., Barrington, K. J., Farlow, B., Janvier, A. (2014, February). End-of-life decisions for extremely low-gestational-age infants: why simple rules for complicated decisions should be avoided. InSeminars in perinatology(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 31-37). WB Saunders. Eden, L. M., Callister, L. C. (2010). Parent involvement in end-of-life care and decision making in the newborn intensive care unit: an integrative review.The Journal of perinatal education,19(1), 29-39. Hagger, V., Ellis, C., Strumidlo, L. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in neonatal nursing: a casestudy.Nursing Standard,30(44), 48-53. Janvier, A., Barrington, K., Farlow, B. (2014, February). Communication with parents concerning withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining interventions in neonatology. InSeminars in perinatology(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 38-46). WB Saunders. Larcher, V., Craig, F., Bhogal, K., Wilkinson, D., Brierley, J. (2015). Making decisions tonlimit treatment in life-limiting and life-threatening conditions in children: a framework for practice.Archives of disease in childhood,100(Suppl 2), s1-s23. Maguire, D., Webb, M., Passmore, D., Cline, G. (2012). NICU nurses' lived experience:caring for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome.Advances in Neonatal Care,12(5), 281-285. Mancini, A., Uthaya, S., Beardsley, C., Wood, D., Modi, N. (2014). Practical guidance for themanagement of palliative care on neonatal units.London: Chelsea Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Meert, K. L., Keele, L., Morrison, W., Berg, R. A., Dalton, H., Newth, C. J., ... Clark, A. (2015). End-of-life practices among tertiary care PICUs in the United States: A multicenter study.Pediatric Critical Care Medicine,16(7), e231-e238. Tingle, J., Cribb, A. (Eds.). (2013).Nursing law and ethics. John Wiley Sons. Willmott, L., White, B., Smith, M. K., Wilkinson, D. J. (2014). Withholding and withdrawinglife-sustaining treatment in a patients best interests: Australian judicial deliberations.Medical Journal of Australia,201(9), 545-547. Willmott, L., White, B. P., Then, S. N. (2014). Withholding and withdrawing life-sustainingmedical treatment.Health Law in Australia [2nd ed.], 543-592. Willems, D. L., Verhagen, A. E., van Wijlick, E. (2014). Infants best interests in end-of-life care for newborns.Pediatrics,134(4), e1163-e1168.

The Name Judith Essay Example Example For Students

The Name Judith Essay Example Is it important to know what is behind your name? Now in days, many names are given without knowing their meanings or where they come from. For example, I was given the name of Judith just because my parents heard it and liked it. It depends where and in which culture were they raised. For this purpose I researched my name Judith. Some of the main points I found were interesting to me like the history and my personality. First, the history of my name Judith obtains interesting and important facts such as meanings, famous people in the world, and culture. Judiths origin is Hebrew, meaning Praise Dictionary of First Names, Alfred J. Kolatch 393. There is also famous people from the past, for example, In the old testament Judith was one of the wives of Esau. Parentsoup.com/babynames/meanings.html. Another famous person from the past was, The beatiful heroine in the book of Judith in the Apocrypha. Kolatch 393. With this in mind, it is interesting to know that my name has been used for thousands of years; However, in my culture not many people are named after Judith. My name is more commun on the Asian continent, where it was originated. We will write a custom essay on The Name Judith Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another fact is that personality can be described just by the name. An example, on my research I found web sites with my name wich described my personality. Kabalarians.com/male/judith.htm., Judith is happiest when associating with singing, dancing, and having a good time. Accordingly, all this quote describes me perfectly because I always like to be happy and having a good time with my friends. For example, If I am spending time with my friends, I like to be thinking positive and enjoying it as much as I can. I have never liked to see any of my friends sad or with problems, if that is the case I try to cheer them up. I also found some weaknesses, kabalarians.htm., Over indulgence in food or emotional desires could cause you to have problems in your nervous system. Without a doubt this totally describes me. There is times when emotional desires get to me and take time to get them out of my activities. Therefore, my personality has changes just like any other person. In conclusion, this research helped me learn what is behind my name. Before all I knew was that my parents heard the name and liked it, but now I will be able to identify my name with the history and personality. Also, this research made me think that in my future I will do a research on names before giving one to my child. For this reasons, I suggest you to do a quick research and see what is behind your name.

flat tax in canada essays

flat tax in canada essays In a recent study, the Fraser Institute is quoted with saying, "A flat tax is necessary to achieve efficiency, fairness, and the simplest- measure of a successful tax policy (Fraser institute)." The Flat tax system is a comprehensive, integrated approach to taxation. Flat tax uses a uniform tax rate for income, whether personal or business. The flat tax system ensures that all sources of income are taxed once and at one rate. The introduction of a flat tax system would create fairness, drastically simplify and improve Canada's tax system. Flat tax would not destroy progression in our tax system it would only make it more fair. Flat tax is not a new idea, it is currently used in Hong Kong and the Channel Island. The issue is not with out complication. Some would suggest that Flat tax would only benefit the rich. This argument is false, simply because if people have more money to spend, they will, and that is beneficial to every one. The issue is very significant because it is import ant to know if there are better way for the government to operate our tax system and flat tax is defiantly one of them. The biggest concern with flat tax is that it would eliminate progression in taxation. This is entirely false, a flat tax system is still progressive in a sense, only it is the most fair way of taxation among everyone. A flat tax rate of 20% with no deductions would earn the government the same amount of money as today's system. However progressivity is still found in a flat tax system. If a person earns 20 000 dollars a year they will pay 4000 dollars tax. If one make 100 000 dollars a year then they pay 20 000 dollars tax. This is progessivity at it's fairness, The more one makes the more they pay. This form of tax is still progressive yet it eliminates the damaging affects of increasing marginal tax rates. The most specific effect of progressive marginal taxation is its discouraging effect on entrepreneurial activities, sa ...

Definition and Examples of Back-Formation

Definition and Examples of Back-Formation In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word (a neologism) by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word. Put simply, a back-formation is a shortened word (such as edit) created from a longer word (editor). Verb: back-form (which is itself a back-formation). Also called  back-derivation. The term back-formation was coined by Scottish lexicographer James Murray, the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until 1915. As Huddleston and Pullum have noted, There is nothing in the forms themselves that enables one to distinguish between affixation and back-formation: its a matter of historical formation of words rather than of their structure (A Students Introduction To English Grammar, 2005). Pronunciation: BAK for-MAY-shun Examples and Observations singular noun pea from the older English plural peasethe verb burgle from the older English noun burglarthe verb diagnose from the older English noun diagnosis He spoke with a certain what-is-it in his voice, and I could see that, if not actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled, so I tactfully changed the subject. (P.G. Wodehouse, The Code of the Woosters, 1938) Here I was maybe forty minutes ago, sort of claustrophobed in the gap between the kickass movie world where Lila dumps the guy with the smarmy mustache and the obvious one where it just keeps getting later.(Daniel Handler, Adverbs. Ecco, 2006) Stripping the in- from inchoate is known as back-formation, the same process that has given us words like peeve (from peevish), surveil (from surveillance) and enthuse (from enthusiasm). There’s a long linguistic tradition of removing parts of words that look like prefixes and suffixes to come up with roots that weren’t there to begin with. (Ben Zimmer, Choate. The New York Times, January 3, 2010) Suffix Snipping Alan Prince studied a girl who . . . was delighted by her discovery that eats and cats were really eat -s and cat -s. She used her new suffix snipper to derive mik (mix), upstair, downstair, clo (clothes), len (lens), brefek (from brefeks, her word for breakfast), trappy (trapeze), even Santa Claw. Another child, overhearing his mother say they had booze in the house, asked what a boo was. One seven-year-old said of a sports match, I dont care who theyre going to verse, from expressions like the Red Sox versus the Yankees. (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. HarperCollins, 1999) In many cases of back-formation a presumed affix is removed which is in fact not truly an affix, as in the following words where the -or, -ar, and -er are not the agentive suffix, but part of the root: orator - -er orate, lecher -er lech, peddler -er peddle, escalator -er escalate, editor -er edit, swindle -er swindle, sculptor -er sculpt, hawker -er hawk. These mistakes are called back-formations. Note that some of them are colloquial or marginal, while others are fully accepted. (Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Back-Formation in Middle English [T]he weakening of the flexional endings during the early Middle English period, which made possible the derivation from verbs of a multitude of nouns, and vice-versa, was also as essential to the rise of and development of back-formation. (Esko V. Pennanen, Contributions to the Study of Back-Formation in English, 1966) Back-Formation in Contemporary English Back formation continues to make a few contributions to the language. Television has given televise on the model of revise/revision, and donation has given donate on the model of relate/relation. Babysitter and stage manager have given babysit and stage manage for obvious reasons. More remote was the surprising lase from laser (the latter an acronym for lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), recorded from 1966. (W.F. Bolton, A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982) Filling a Void Backformations are more likely to occur with very strongly entrenched patterns and they have the effect of filling an apparent void. The process has given us common verbs such as afflict (from affliction), enthuse (from enthusiasm), laze (from lazy), liaise from liaison), aggress (from aggression), televise (from television), housekeep (from housekeeper), jell (from jelly), and many more. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Usage [B]ack-formations are objectionable when they are merely needless variations of already existing verbs: back-formed verb - ordinary verb*administrate - administer*cohabitate - cohabit*delimitate - delimit*interpretate - interpret*orientate - orient*registrate - register*remediate - remedy*revolute - revolt*solicitate-solicit Many back-formations never gain real legitimacy (e.g.,  *elocute, *enthuse), some are aborted early in their existence (e.g., *ebullit, *evolute),  and still others are of questionable vigor (e.g., aggress, attrit, effulge, evanesce, frivol). . . . Still, many examples have survived respectably. (Bryan Garner,  Garners Modern American Usage, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2009)

Ethics, professionalism and contemporary Issues Essay

Ethics, professionalism and contemporary Issues - Essay Example This makes them easy targets to forced labour and prostitution; the main countries in which this vice of human trafficking is rampant includes India, Mexico, El Salvador and Philippines. There is an estimated ten thousand forced labourers in the U.S. prostitution, poverty; globalization and government corruption are some of the major factors that contribute to the high numbers in human trafficking. Several laws have been passed to try and curb human trafficking and under the U.S code human trafficking is termed as a federal crime. Technology, which generally covers; mobile devices, internet and social media has been instrumental in human trafficking, it has played both a negative and a positive role. The beauty of technology is that it provides better visibility and can help in tracing of people who are involved in human trafficking (Hart 5). Technology has contributed to human trafficking by making it easier for the criminals to advertise and sell their victims. When one searches in the internet, it is very easy to find underage victims who are exploited for sex under online classifieds. In the pornography websites, one will find a section for teen prostitutes; it is then made easier for both parties, the one advertising and the one looking for services to communicate using mobile phones. Social networking sites are also another venue for advertising for victims of human trafficking because it is very easy to reach a large number of people. Technology has also made it easy to search for and purchase victims. Using the internet to find and locate people has never been easier (Davidson and Gottschalk 98). Once the contacts needed have been found, they then proceed to use the other types of technology such as instant messaging, emails and so forth to reach the people concerned. On the other hand, technology has made it simple to track the criminals involved in human trafficking, as it is possible to trace the individuals concerned by following the activities they have been doing online. Moreover, tracing their phone calls, messages and emails, and past data on the activities they had been involved with can also be traced using technology (Dunn 14). A new online role playing game has been created that allows the players to upload real pictures of them and also hold dialogue. The game has become very popular among online players, but this has also brought new challenges with it, as the game can be used to promote human trafficking. This is because it easy to identify a person through the picture they have put and request for a personal meeting with another player through dialogue. As the designer of the game, there are moral obligations that one has to uphold, but that does not mean that they do not come at a price. The designer has to make a choice that he or she understands can lead to the collapse of his online game while combating the challenge of human trafficking possibility or choose to ignore the problem at hand. One would argue that the game by itself does not influence the decisions one makes it only promotes their thoughts and behavioural patterns, and therefore, the designer should not respond to the concerns that come up. For a criminal who decided to use the game to target his victims is merely using the game for the wrong reasons as that is not what it was meant for, and it would be highly unfair to ask the designer of t

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Term Paper Example As we watched the â€Å"Dead Poets Society†, I remembered having been classically conditioned by a familiar emotion that struck when Robin Williams who played the role of the teacher acted differently and seemed to establish a peculiar authority in the class. Though the raising of his voice in the film pertains to his poetic stance, it is a stimuli that triggered some fright in my senses which, in truth, has often been caught by terror teachers during my early days in school. By classical conditioning, thus, my unconditional response (UR), apparently, was the outcome of how Robin Williams reminded me of a familiar awful setting. Concentrating on the poignant scenes, I could not help imagine myself if I, like the main characters were torn between idealism and realism – the themes for which the thalamus of my brain collaborated with the amygdala in making me realize that it was emotionally tough to choose considering that perceptions even beyond actual encounter can affec t consciousness in an inevitable manner. That moment, we came by the essence of creative and appreciative form of learning especially on finding ourselves well delighted on the opening of DPS meeting held in a secret place where the young poets, as depicted in the movie, read a passage of thought by Henry David Thoreau. At this stage, our limbic systems were almost in full control of the moment with so much intellectual sensations taking place that my friend even dared me to compose a poem afterwards. I must admit that time I was still at the height of poetic intoxication so I accepted the challenge with excited neurons. Even if I did not know how to write a poem then firsthand, I could sense having an operant behavior in an atmosphere filled with literary influence which nourished me with the consequence to maintain the growing passion to discern the mystery of poetics and become a poet for some time. This way, operant conditioning developed in me the capacity to connect and seek p rofound relevance in the intrinsic nature of poetry and the beauty of its language. My neocortex could have operated to its full measure as I thought of the first figurative words of an attempted free verse. The poem I came up with did not follow strict metric pattern but certainly, it received the utmost approval of my friend for bearing the intended fluidity throughout the piece besides the harmony of elements such as imagery and symbolism. With the combined observational and operant approach, even in the absence of proper academic circumstances, I met with the success of being able to write a poem with the friend and the movie that served as tools of learning at the time. It would not have been less difficult without the aid of the frontal lobe that functioned adequately for me to have logic drawn from the intrinsic nature of love for words and speech. When I recited my composition, I was grateful that my cerebellum had a good management of my locomotion for each projected gestur e was quite synchronized with my utterances of the poesy. Compare / Contrast Between Sensations and Perceptions Normally, sensations are first to take place when sensory organs receive energy signals from the material stimuli of the environment as well

Growing in Intimacy with God Essay Example for Free

Growing in Intimacy with God Essay Introduction The beginning of our relationship with God is from the moment we accept and believe Jesus Christ as our Lord and savior. As it gets personal, it grows daily until it becomes deeper and intimate. Intimacy generally refers to the feeling of being in a close personal association and belonging together. It is a familiar and very close affective connection with another as a result of a bond that is formed through knowledge and experience of the other. In this lesson, we will learn and understand the work of God in our lives for us to be intimate with Him, yet it doesn’t require full force of effort from us. The following insights will help us to set ourselves to submit in the Lordship of God until we reach personal intimate relationship with Him. How would you complete the following statement? The most essential ingredient to living the Christian life is to†¦ †¢Fill your heart and mind with Scripture †¢ Pray as much as you are able. †¢Attend Christian meetings for inspiration. †¢Get involved in ministry. †¢Choose to do what is right and Godly. †¢None of the above. Each of the above choices are important to living the Christian life, but none of them qualifies as the â€Å"most essential† because they all fail to adequately deal with the primary obstacle Christian must overcome. This obstacle not only makes the Christian life difficult to live, but impossible to live. Why we can’t live the Christian Life? The primary obstacle that hinders Christians is the Sin Nature. Contrary to the belief that we are all born innocent, Scripture teaches that we do not become sinners, but that we are already born sinners. Psalms 51:5 The following Scriptures describes this problem Romans 3:10-12 Mark 7:21-23 Romans 8:7-8 Because of our sinful nature, not matter how many Scriptures we know, not matter often we pray, no matter how many inspirational meeting we attend, no matter how involved we are in ministry, or no matter how strong will to do right, our best efforts will fail because we do not deal with the main problem. When done in our own strength, these activities simply produce Spiritual pride! But God has provided a solution for us. God’s Solution God’s Solution to our Sin nature is to give us a New Nature! He did this by putting His Holy Spirit in us at the moment we received Jesus Christ! The following Scriptures describe this miracle. John 3:5-7 Ephesians 4:23-24 God’s spirit imparts God’s nature and power in us! Ezekiel 36:26-27 Acts 1:8 Philippians 2:13 (TLB) God’s Spirit gives us the Desire (Ezekiel 36:26-27) and the Power (Acts 1:8) to do His will! God’s Spirit in Us The desire in you to please God is the work of the Holy Spirit in your heart. It is evident of the New Nature you inherited when you were born again by God’s Spirit. We are born into this world with a Sin Nature. But the moment we trust Jesus Christ for forgiveness, we are â€Å"born again† with a new nature, which is not only the new me but the real me! The sin nature, or Old me, can never please God and does not even want to, but our New Nature not only desires to please God, but it is able to by the Power of the Holy Spirit. Notice that the Christian’s Sin Nature will cease at the moment death, while our new nature will continue for eternity! The challenge we face in this life is the battle between these two natures to rule in our minds, our hearts and bodies. They are at war within us! The good news is that this struggle is temporary. Once we are free of Sin Nature, our new nature will be unhindered to do all that God desires. It is important to understand that the key to victory is God’s Spirit within us. Only by allowing His Spirit to live through us will we experience God’s Will and Power in us! Be Filled with the Spirit Ephesians 5:18 teaches us how to apply God’s provision to overcome sin. The word â€Å"filled† means to be filled to the full! A person â€Å"filled with the spirit â€Å"leaves no room for the Sin Nature to control his life. Command: This verb teaches that we are â€Å"filled with the Spirit† by an act of our will! God is not asking us to be filled with his Spirit if we feel like it. God is commanding us to be filled. No matter how we feel no matter what our circumstances, we can choose to be filled and allow God to rule in our lives! God’s Work: This verb also indicates that it is God who fills us. We simply make ourselves available to Him! As we yield our lives to God, His Spirit empowers us with His Desire and Ability! Present Tense: Finally, this verb commands us to continually allow God’s Holy Spirit to fill us ~ moment by moment, hour by hour, day by day. No breaks and no allowance for the Sin Nature to reign! How can we be sure God will fill us with His Holy Spirit? Because He said He would, and God does not lie! 1 John 5:14-15 1. Is it God’s will for us to be filled with His Spirit? ⠝  yes ⠝  no 2. If we ask God to fill us with His Spirit, will He hear us? ⠝  yes ⠝  no 3. If we know God will hear us, can we be sure we are filled? ⠝  yes ⠝  no Application The following steps can help us experience God’s Power continually 1. Confess ~ Not being filled to the full with God’s Spirit is sin. Confess this to God and claim His forgiveness (1 John 1:9) 2. Be Filled with the Holy Spirit ~ Ask God to fill you with His Spirit! Filling of the Holy Spirit doesn’t end our relationship with God. Rather, it only set our condition with the Lord. Each of us can posses a spiritual relationship with Christ. Jesus is very well aware of our individuality and want to give us just what we want to grow in our walk with Him. The following presents a guide that may help you find time to spend with God.

Gossip Girl Review :: essays research papers

Book Review ‘Gossip Girl’ by Cecily von Ziegesar Gossip Girl is a book for people who crave glamour, style and riches. The novel is written by Cecily von Ziegesar, a 25 year old self proclaimed gossip girl herself. She loosely bases the story on her own experiences growing up in the Upper East side of Manhattan. Gossip Girl, the novel, is set in contemporary Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York. It tells the story of a group of high school seniors whose parents happen to be some of the most glamorous people in New York and tells what their day to day lives are like. The book’s main character is Blair Waldorf. Blair is the bitchiest and coolest girl in the Upper East Side crowd. She lives her life thinking that she is in some kind of old time movie where she is the leading actress and her boyfriend, Nate, is her leading man. Blair and her close knit group of friends are the main focus of the book. Gossip Girl also talks of Serena van de Woodsen who is described as the girl all boys want and the girl all girls want to be. Serena used to be Blair’s best friend until she spent a year at boarding school. Serena discovers that Blair no longer wants to spend time with her and that Blair believes Serena is some kind of threat to her social status. Blair ignores Serena and goes out of her way to make Serena feel unwelcome on her return. An example of this is how Blair treats Serena in the cafeteria at lunchtime one day. When Serena walks in she waves at Blair (who is already seated). Blair sees her but chooses not to acknowledge her. When Serena has her food and sits down, Blair and her new friends make up excuses as to why they have to go and leave Serena sitting at the table all by herself.

Greek Mythology and Poseidon Essay

Poseidon Poseidon or Posidon (Greek: ) is one of the twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek mythology. His main domain is the ocean, and he is called the â€Å"God of the Sea†. Additionally, he is referred to as â€Å"Earth-Shaker† due to his role in causing earthquakes, and has been called the â€Å"tamer of horses†. The name of the sea-god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology; both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon. Linear B tablets show that Poseidon was venerated at Pylos and Thebes in pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece as a chief deity, but he was integrated into the Olympian gods as the brother of Zeus and Hades. There is a Homeric hymn to Poseidon, who was the protector of many Hellenic cities, although he lost the contest for Athens to Athena. Blasphemy! Injustice! Disrespect! These the disloyal Phaecians have committed against me And the laws of Olympus! Those sailors of my blessing have pampered Odysseus, My sworn enemy! Those fools are proof that ignorant men can’t be trusted. I have taken blows from the greatest foes, But being betrayed by allies is far worse, And it makes my blood boil, my temper flare! To my kingdom of the sea I have brought you gods, To demand consent to unleash my fury on those awful mariners. It is the only option, for if I do not, I will lose my respect, Fall from power, and into the ranks of mortal peasants! My past of conflict has taught me that men yield only to pain, And ignore reasoning! So abandon pity and forgiveness,  Let me attack that Phaecian cutter with might and fury! Or send me to waste away in Hades! I called this meeting of the gods today Because I stand here as the lone soul among us Able to clearly see this†¦ haughty, arrogant, vile king of Ithaca for who he really is. He blinded and mutilated my son! My son! The son of a god lay crippled, his wound still fresh, and blood still wet. And the brute dared mock him! Yet no punishments have been dealt. Even you, Pallas, the supposed goddess of wisdom Help a man so bold as to tease us! The rest of you are worse, refusing to take any side at all! You despicable lot! Cowards! Scum! Won’t you help me seek justice? Why must you betray me now when I need help the most? Your cowardice will not be forgotten, And I will not allow any of you to tip-toe around this situation. Can’t you see? He shows us no respect and never will. No one is above the law, And he must be punished for what he has done, Just as anyone else would be for such a crime. Mark my words, I will get my revenge, And he will pay for his arrogance.

Movies with Character Disorders

ilFilm Review Paper: This course tries to cover how psychology and abnormal behavior is often covered by the media. Sometimes life imitates art just as art often imitates life. For better or worse, society’s understanding of mental illness is strongly influenced by media. Nonetheless, it allows for the study of disorders, their etiology, and their diagnosis. For this paper, you are to choose a character from a movie on the list below and write a case description that includes a multi-axial DSM-IV diagnosis. The paper should be 2-3 pages and include the following: a.Background: This can include information about the character’s family, social, medical, academic, and occupational history as well as notable demographic information. b. Clinical Observations: You should include information about the presenting problem, current symptoms, and current social functioning. c. Diagnosis: This should be multi-axial and based on the 5 Axes of the DSM-IV. d. Discussion: Explain, usin g evidence from various sources (textbook, DSM, and one other reliable source), supporting evidence of your main (Axis I and/or Axis II) diagnosis.Additionally, discuss you differential diagnosis, that is, the other diagnoses you considered and why they were ruled out from your final diagnosis. e. Evaluation: Please conclude your paper by evaluating the accuracy of the movie’s depiction of the abnormal behavior/diagnosis based on what you have learned about the disorder. You can earn up to 50 points and grading is based on an evaluation rubric available on the course website on Blackboard. If you hope to choose a movie not on this list, it must first be approved by me. Everyone must submit their choice of film by the beginning of class on September 27.Final papers will be due November 20. A Beautiful Mind (2001) Adaptation (2002) American Beauty (1999) American Psycho (2000) As Good As It Gets (1997) Aviator, The (2004) Bad Santa (2003) Black Swan (2010) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Boys Don’t Cry (1999) Clean and Sober (1988) Copycat (1995) Deer Hunter, The (1978) Hours, The (2002) House of Sand and Fog (2003) Falling Down (1994) Fatal Attraction (1987) Fight Club (1999) Fisher King, The (1991) Forrest Gump (1994) Full Metal Jacket (1987) Girl, Interrupted (1999) Identity (2003) Iron Lady, The (2011) K-Pax (2001) Leaving Las Vegas (1995)Little Miss Sunshine (2006) Long Day’s Journey into Night (1962) Machinist, The (2004) Matchstick Men (2003) Memento (2001) Midnight Cowboy (1969) Monster’s Ball (2002) Notebook, The (2004) Ordinary People (1980) Primal Fear (1996) Psycho (1960) Rain Man (1993) Red Dragon (2002) Requiem for a Dream (2000) Royal Tenenbaums, The (2001) Shine (1996) Shutter Island (2010) Silence of the Lambs (1991) Single White Female (1992) Sybil (1976) Talented Mr. Ripley, The (1999) Taxi Driver (1976) Three Faces of Eve, The (1957) Trainspotting (1996) Vertigo (1958) When a Man Loves a Woman (1994))

Free Essays on Frankenstien

In a series of letters, Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon interrupted by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who has been traveling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton takes him aboard ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster that Frankenstein created. Victor first describes his early life in Geneva. At the end of a blissful childhood spent in the company of Elizabeth Lavenza (his cousin in the 1818 edition, his adopted sister in the 1831 edition) and friend Henry Clerval, Victor enters the university of Ingolstadt to study natural philosophy and chemistry. There, he is consumed by the desire to discover the secret of life and, after several years of research, becomes convinced that he has found it. Armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months feverishly fashioning a creature out of old body parts. One climactic night, in the secrecy of his apartment, he brings his creation to life. When he looks at the monstrosity that he has created, however, the sight horrifies him. After a fitful night of sleep, interrupted by the specter of the monster looming over him, he runs into the streets, eventually wandering in remorse. Victor runs into Henry, who has come to study at the university, and he takes his friend back to his apartment. Though the monster is gone, Victor falls into a feverish illness. Sickened by his horrific deed, Victor prepares to return to Geneva, to his family, and to health. Just before departing Ingolstadt, however, he receives a letter from his father informing him that his youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Grief-stricken, Victor hurries home. While passing through the woods where William was strangled, he catche... Free Essays on Frankenstien Free Essays on Frankenstien In a series of letters, Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon interrupted by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who has been traveling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton takes him aboard ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster that Frankenstein created. Victor first describes his early life in Geneva. At the end of a blissful childhood spent in the company of Elizabeth Lavenza (his cousin in the 1818 edition, his adopted sister in the 1831 edition) and friend Henry Clerval, Victor enters the university of Ingolstadt to study natural philosophy and chemistry. There, he is consumed by the desire to discover the secret of life and, after several years of research, becomes convinced that he has found it. Armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months feverishly fashioning a creature out of old body parts. One climactic night, in the secrecy of his apartment, he brings his creation to life. When he looks at the monstrosity that he has created, however, the sight horrifies him. After a fitful night of sleep, interrupted by the specter of the monster looming over him, he runs into the streets, eventually wandering in remorse. Victor runs into Henry, who has come to study at the university, and he takes his friend back to his apartment. Though the monster is gone, Victor falls into a feverish illness. Sickened by his horrific deed, Victor prepares to return to Geneva, to his family, and to health. Just before departing Ingolstadt, however, he receives a letter from his father informing him that his youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Grief-stricken, Victor hurries home. While passing through the woods where William was strangled, he catche...

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word 5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is the undisputed champion of modern word processing. Sure, some Apple fans are loyal to Pages. And Corel WordPerfect is still a thing. But Microsoft Word is the world’s most widely used word processor, found in homes, schools, and offices everywhere. What if you can’t afford or don’t like Word, though? Good news! There are other word processors available, so check out our list of five free alternatives to Microsoft Word to find a program that suits your needs. 1. Google Docs If any program can challenge Microsoft Word for its crown, it will be Google Docs. All you need is a Google account in order to write, format, and share documents. It’s also simple, free, and lets you download documents in multiple file formats, including DOC and DOCX. Google Docs is linked directly to Google Drive, too, so it autosaves your work with every keystroke. Another advantage of being online is collaborative working, as multiple users can edit a single shared document at the same time, saving the hassle of sending drafts back and forth. 2. LibreOffice Writer If you have used Microsoft Word for a while, LibreOffice Writer should feel reassuringly familiar. And if you’re one of those people who really hate the ribbon in MS Word, you may even prefer it! LibreOffice is, after all, a set of open-source programs that mimics the general appearance and functions of the Microsoft Office suite. Except it’s free. Which is always appealing. Currently, LibreOffice Writer offers most of the features and formatting options you find in MS Word. It uses the OpenDocument Format (ODF) file extension by default, but it also supports other documents formats, including DOC, DOCX, and RTF, so compatibility shouldn’t be an issue. 3. WPS Writer Part of the WPS Office suite, WPS Writer offers more in-built features than any other free word processor. The user interface is also closer to the modern version of Microsoft Word than most open-source word processors. Consequently, WPS Writer is ideal for those who want something as close to MS Word as possible without the hefty price tag. One notable downside is that the free version comes with adverts. These won’t bother you most of the time, but they will pop up when you use certain features (e.g., printing or exporting files). To get rid of the adverts in WPS Writer, you will have to upgrade to a paid version. 4. Apache OpenOffice Writer For Apache OpenOffice Writer, we can mostly point to the description of LibreOffice Writer above. They are similar in most respects, such as the user interface and features they offer. And this is because LibreOffice was originally based on the OpenOffice source code. Nowadays, some consider OpenOffice limited in some respects (e.g., it will let you save a document as a DOC file, but not as a DOCX file). But OpenOffice Writer remains one of the most popular, cost-free alternatives to Microsoft Word that you should try if LibreOffice isn’t quite to your liking. 5. Microsoft Word Online The last of our free alternatives to Microsoft Word is†¦ Microsoft Word. Well, to be specific, it is Microsoft Word Online, a free version of Microsoft’s word processing giant accessed via your web browser. This is great if you just want the basics, but it is a very limited version of MS Word. It doesn’t include advanced formatting options such as adding a table of contents, for instance. And while it supports DOC, DOCX, and even ODT files, it does not work with RTF files or other document formats. As such, this is mainly useful for existing MS Word users who need to work on a document when they’re away from their computer, as you can switch between the online and desktop versions easily. But if you’re looking for a professional word processor, you may need to pay for the full version.

Deontological Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deontological Ethics Case Study - Essay Example Company officials failed to map out civilian farms to be avoided despite the US Congress approving the discriminate use of harmful herbicides in the region (Lawson, 2001). As a result, approximately 10,000 natives of the region suffered from severe health complication. In addition, an immense loss of livestock and agricultural produce occurred. Dyncorp faced further disgrace in 2005 when allegations made by a whistleblower named Ben Johnston surfaced. He claimed that Dyncorp soldiers engaged in inhumane acts of trafficking, forceful prostitution with minors when on contract in Bosnia (Dowbenko, 2002). Deontological implications of the ethical problem A quick glance into the background of PMCs operating within the US indicates that these companies generate billions in their annual revenues; for example, Dyncorp’s revenues are about 3 billion yet it is a medium-sized company in this field (Dyncorp, 2012). Governments rely on the protection and military services offered by these firms when the country’s army has been deployed to attend to other pressing matters (Dyncorp, 2012). The running of these companies remains independent from the government because the stakeholders are private entities. The deontological implications of the ethical problem posed by Dyncorp revolve around the duty of the company to their clients and the people living within the affected region. Dyncorp’s duty to the government involved the company ensuring that the curtailing of drug production through the destruction of drug plantations (Dowbenko, 2007). Nonetheless, the company had a moral obligation to the inhabitants of the region to differentiate the drug plantations from the crop plantations. Disregarding their duty to the inhabitants of the region proves to be unethical and is an indication of poor corporate social responsibility policies (Lawson, 2001). Dyncorp disregarded the safety of human life led to the indiscriminate application of herbicides within the reg ion, therefore, defying different deontological principles (Dowbenko, 2002). The company’s incompetent actions fail to meet the standard set by the categorical imperative principle posited by Immanuel Kant (Stanford, 2007). The categorical imperative advances that an action or decision made ought to be universal in nature, meaning, it can be applied in similar circumstances because it qualifies as a universal rule or law. Negligent behavior is also wrong because it pays little regard to the concept of duty or moral obligation, which is the core concept of deontology ethics (Stanford, 2007). In addition, the company’s involvement in inhumane acts against underage children, in Bosnia, shows failure of the company to adhere to their moral obligations to their duties. a) Resolution of the problem; b)do you agree with the resolutions; c) Whether the problem was resolved consistent with the principles of deontological ethics Resolution of the problem involved efforts made by both the government and the company’s managerial board. The government imposed limitations on the jurisdiction of Dyncorp when serving in the capacity of hired soldiers when operating in foreign lands. The government also cautioned company officials to avoid negligent behavior when carrying out their services (Dowbenko, 2002). The US Department of Defense in 2005 drafted a proposal, which prohibited the involvement of military contractors in human trafficking, forced labor and prostitution (Dowbenko,

Good Faith and English Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Good Faith and English Contract Law - Essay Example Good faith is vital concept in law and it is a prime essence in contractual dealings. Persons are expected to act in good faith for fair dealings in day-to-day business contracts. The concept of good faith has a large bearing on contract law as well as law of obligations. In contract law good faith is indispensable element. Though the contract is formed with free consent or free will good faith is inseparable from contract1. 1. An institutional competent dimension: When good faith is viewed from this dimension in England the institutions of the law, which are the courts, interpret good faith according to needs for rendering justice. Thereby giving room for arbitrary decisions. If the doctrine of good faith introduced in law of contract there would be judicial restraint, judges loose the liberty of interpreting the concept. Their discretionary powers are restricted. Simultaneously equitable flexibility is also affected. 2. Formal dimension: When we view the good faith in formal dimension it appears as vague. When it is vague it is difficult to define the good faith to introduce into contract law. The term good faith has vague meaning, lot of efforts are to made to define the good faith to make it as a statute. ... Presently the Judges use this term in various occasions in rendering the justice using their profound experience and after legitimate study of the case. The vagueness of the term is cured with their professional knowledge and profound experience before the benefit of good faith is extended to the deserved. 3. Substantive dimension: Substantive dimension refers to the contractual ethics. Contractual ethics imposes duty of good faith on the contracting parties. When such ethics are broken what is remedy Like any ethics contracting ethics are moral of the individuals, which they are supposed to keep up. The contract law does not interfere on morals. When good faith, which is vital element in business contracts is left to the ethics, which is not protected under the contract law the interest of the parties is at risk. This risk can be avoided by introducing the doctrine of good faith into contract law. Historically good faith functioned as a binding element between people by formless contracts (pacta nuda) even if there was no written contracts, to confer priority to the intention of parties and contractual terms than their literal meaning. Such contracts inclined to substantive fairness qua the intended meaning of the contract. Contract is defined in English contract law: Since the good faith is a vital element in all contracts it is essential to have a brief view of what how contract is confined under the definition in English law. As per this definition, the essential ingredients of contract are a) consensus ad idem, b) consideration, c) legal object, d) capacity to contract. Apart from these, another ingredient i.e. intention of the parties is also important

Winters Bone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Winters Bone - Essay Example Ree sets out to look for her father, where she goes through the world of a drug user as his father is a drug producer, and Ree ends up consulting the local crime boss. She is told that her father died in a met lab fire or could have left town to avoid the trial for which he is out on bail. Ree’s father fails to show up for trial and the bondsman looks for Ree and informs her that there is about a week before their property is seized, where she then explains her findings about her father being dead. Ree then visits the local crime boss again to ask about her father and gets a beating by the boss’s women, who then offer to show her dad’s bones. They take him to the place where takes her father’s badly decaying body, which she takes to the sheriff, and she receives the bond and her uncle Teardrop tells her he knows who killed her father. This sad movie dwells on the issues of family and drugs, as well as crime as a whole and how the two vices affect a family. The drugs affect Ree’s family in that her family becomes dysfunctional following the charging of his father on account of being part of a methamphetamine manufacturing ring. The effects on the family go deeper in that even Ree’s uncles are part of the drugs world to the point that they cannot play a part in assisting Ree to find her father. In addition, the theme of drugs is also seen in the role of the local crime boss whose women are on drugs too, for which Ree’s father is killed. In relation to crime, the local crime boss, seems to be aware of all occurrences revolving the activities and whereabouts of Ree’s father. This is as seen in the case where he refers to Ree’s father as having died in a fire or even left town to avoid charges. Crime goes on to be portrayed in the murder of Ree’s father, where they find his remains under a boat. The issue of family is also shown in how Ree is dedicated to protecting her family even at a young age, where she

Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID

Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID Chapter 1: Introduction Library management system includes areas such as issuing and returning of books, classification of materials, and students console using various techniques. The two main features of this system include theft detection of unissued books and automatic system for issuing and returning of books for its members. The theft detection model that we have designed though as yet merely for demonstrational purposes can be extremely beneficial if implemented properly as a professional library system. The efficient use of technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector. The key component which plays an important role in this syetem is the Radio-frequency identification(RFID) technology. This technology establishes communication by using radio waves in order to exchange the data between a reader and an electronic tag which is attached to an object(a book), for the purpose of identification. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether RFID technology offers any significant benefit for library management and that how does these benefits reflect to the customer satisfaction. RFID technology had its first commercial applications introduced in the late 1980s. Since then technologies have advanced in different fields causing the cost of RFID tags and readers to go decrease, thus making it easily available to a broader market. For example, as RFID tags have become cheaper, libraries have started adopting this technology, thus ensuring a secure library system. The hardware part in this library management system is comprised of interrogators (also known as RFID readers), RFID tags (also known as labels), the fingerprint module and an alarm. The interrogators or the RFID readers operating on 125KHz are used to read the tag number of the books when brought near to it in order to process its identification number and check for its status. The tags are the devices, small in size, less in thickness, attached to the books having a unique identification number each in order to distinguish between the books. These when placed near the reader sends its identification number to it for further processing. The fingerprint module is used for the student console. The student can login his account for status updates using fingerprint recognition system. The alarm is used in case if an unissued book is sensed by the RFID reader in the exit zone. The software part is composed of the database systems and an interfacing tool for database components. The students details are listed in database systems. These are automatically accessed when the student uses the student console feature. The forms of students are created in the visual studio and this tool is also used to compare the database components with the incoming string in order to update the status of the student. An RFID reader transfers energy to the RFID tag by emitting electromagnetic waves through the air. The tag uses this RF energy to charge up and then emit or send its code to the RFID reader. The reader receives tags response and sends to a host computer or any other external device for further processing. In practical applications of using RFID technology, a tag is attached to a book used to identify the target, when it passes through the area which the reader can read, the RFID tag and its reader builds up the radio signal connections, the tag sends its information to the reader, such as unique code and other data stored on, the reader receives those information and decodes them, and then sends to a host computer so as to complete the whole information processing. The whole management system can be divided into two units namely the main unit and the anti theft unit. There is a wireless connection between these two units. The student can login his account by using the fingerprint rec ognition system. Then he can place the particular book in the area near the RFID reader in order to issue in or return from his account. When passing through the anti theft unit in the exit zone, an RFID reader placed in this zone will read the code of this book and send wirelessly to the main unit, to the PC. There the status of the book will be checked and again sent back to the anti theft unit. If it sends TRUE, the anti theft will let the book go safe and sound. If it sends FALSE, alarm will ring and thus theft will be detected. Chapter 2: literature review 2.1 History of RFID A scientist, Là ©on Theremin invented an espionage tool for Soviet Union which transmitted radio waves with audio information in 1948. The device was a passive covert listening object, not an identification tag, and it attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The RFID technology has been in use from 1921 according to one source (although same source states that the RFID systems have been around since the late 1950s). Mario Cardulistos in 1971 was the first inventor of modern RFID; it was a passive radio tag with memory. Initially, it was a passive device, powered by the interrogating signal, and it was demonstrated in 1974 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users. It was consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates) 2.2 Background RFID systems has established in a wide range of markets including tagging, stock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving objects. 2.2.1 RFID TAGS The RFID tags are also known as â€Å"transponders†. RFID tags can come in many forms, shapes and different sizes. Some are used which are less than 0.05mm, which were used to study the behaviour of ants. Data is stored in the tag IC which is transmitted through the antenna to an RFID reader. There are two commonly used RFID Transponders: Active (that has an internal power source) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered from the RFID reader). 2.2.2 RFID READER A reader (also sometimes called an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transciever, which is being controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader antenna captures data from tags then passes the data to a computer or external source for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag integrated circuit (which is a silicon chip) and then the data is sent to the host computer for further processing. 2.2.3 WORKING OF RFID Information is sent to and received from the RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In systems which are passive, are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field thatâ€Å"energizes† the tag and induces the power into the tag to respond to the reader. The data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner as data scanned from bar code stickers is captured and passed to a PC for processing, storage, and action. 2.2.4 FREQUENCIES OF RFID RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: The commonly used frequencies are: v Low frequency (125/134.2 KHz) v High frequency (13.56 MHz) v Ultra high frequency ( 869 and 915 MHz) v Microwave (2450 MHz) It is important to remember that maximum range is not required in all the applications. Tags in the LF/HF band have a range of 2.25 to 46 cm approximately, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 6.3 meters, and microwave tags can reach 0.5 to 1.9 meters. The range of the tag greatly depends on the surface on which the tag is mounted. 2.3 FUTURE OF RFID RFID is known by many in the industry to be the leading technology for automatic identification and collection of data. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the supply chain of goods of the customers where an RFID tag attached to a consumers product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumers house. 2.4 APPLICATIONS 2.4.1 Electronic Vehicle Registration In many countries of the world, security of vehicles is a major concern, Government uses the RFID system for Vehicle Registration. With implementing RFID systems, we can detect stolen cars and it is helpful in their retrieval also. 2.4.2 Payment by mobile phones Two credit card companies are working with Dallals since 2009, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop specialized micro cards. When these cards are inserted into the mobile phones, the mobile phone directly connects with the bank account and we can use it as credit card. 2.4.3 Transportation payments For traffic management, government use RFID applications. Automotive companies also use various RFID tracking solutions for product management. 2.4.4 Product tracking RFID is also used in product tracking application, begins with plant-based production processes, and then extends into post sales configuration management for large buyers. 2.4.5Animal identification One of the oldest uses of RFID technology is animal tagging. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial in animal identification management. 2.4.6 Museums RFID technologies are implemented for the user also in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, eXspot, at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California. 2.4.7 Race timings RFID can also be used in racing. Till 1990 it is used in animal racing. First time it is implemented in pigeons racing. It is used for registering race start and end timings for animals or individuals in large running races or multi-sport races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant. 2.5 Problems and concerns 2.5.1 Data flooding Each tag generating a message each time when passing a reader may be a desired outcome. However, event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as middleware performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data. 2.5.2 Global standardization Frequencies are using for RFID in the USA currently incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no standard has yet become as universal as the barcode. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to utilize a tag that is operational within all of the international frequency domains. 2.5.3 Security concerns A primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the United States Department of Defenses recent adoption of RFID tags for supply chain management. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in consumer products. 2.5.4 Temperature exposure Currently, RFID tags are glued with an integrated circuit (IC) to an inlay. Vibration and high temperatures can break the connection. If the IC connection break with the inlay, the RFID tag will not transmit 2.6 FINGERPRINT AUTHENTICATION Fingerprint authentication refers to automated method of verifying a match between two fingerprints. Fingerprint is one of the many forms of the biometrics used to identify an individual as well as verify their identity. Each individual has a unique pattern in his fingerprints. There are some unique points in known as minutia points in the fingerprints of the individuals. The number of these points, their location, distance from each other, vary from person to person. Every individual has these characteristics different. 2.6.1 Why fingerprint? In the IT world the end-users use fingerprint authentication due to some reasons, i.e. security, and there is the reason that is why they establish, but it is very expensive to maintain. Other authentication mechanisms like smart cards, tokens, etc. require you to carry something. This is far better than a password, also easies to lose. Losing your credit card or driving license is worse. Information is valuable and harder to track than money. Fingerprints also acts as a simple, trusted and convenient user interface to a well thought security plan. A user authenticated via fingerprints can take advantage of a solid security system minimal education. Chapter 3: Requirements Specification 3.1 Non-functional Requirements 3.2 External requirements 3.3 Functional Requirements 3.3.1 Category 1 Following requirements should be met under given priorities: 3.3.2 Category 2 3.3.3 Category 3 Chapter 4: Project Design 4.1 Architecture Overview The design of the intended product is explained graphically with the help of a block diagram shown in figure below. The diagram explains the overall interactions of the modules and their placements. 4.2 Required Components Microcontroller PIC18F452 RF transceiver nRF905 Fingerprint module SM630 RFID reader module ID20 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC18F452 4.3.1 Description PIC18F452 is the member of PIC18F family. It is a low power, high performance flash 8-bit microcontroller with 32 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard PIC18Fxxx instruction set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a non-volatile memory programmer and in circuit serial programmer (ICSP). The 18F452 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features. 4.3.2 Pin layout 4.3.3 Features and specifications Program memory type flash v Program memory 32 KB v CPU speed 10 MIPS v Data EEPROM 256 bytes v RAM 1536 bytes v Digital communication peripherals 1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C) v Ports A, B, C, D E v I/O pins 32 This microcontroller is more suitable for our project as it has more memory and instruction speed, as required by our system, than 16Fxxx family or ATMEL. The protocols used for digital communication are sort of built-in in this microcontroller. Moreover it is more reliable and efficient than others. 4.4 RF transceiver nRF905 4.4.1 Description The nRF905 is a radio transceiver for the 433/ 868/ 915 MHz ISM band on a single chip. This transceiver consists of fully integrated frequency synthesizer, receiver chain with demodulator, a modulator, a crystal oscillator and a power amplifier. Current consumption is very low, it transmits only 9mA at an output power of -10dBm, and in receive mode 12.5mA. Built-in power down modes makes power saving easily realizable. Its pin configuration is as follows: 4.4.2 Features Data rate 50 kbps v Operating frequency 433 MHz ISM band v Modulation technique GFSK v SPI interface v Power supply range 1.9 to 3.6 V v Channels 11 with v Channel switching time 4.5 Fingerprint Module SM630 SM630 integrated fingerprint identification module is the release of Miaxis Biometrics Company. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, a high performance DSP processor and a Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint enrolment, fingerprint verification, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint download, fingerprint upload, etc. It has four pins connections: 4.5.1 Features High Adaptation to Fingerprints v Easy to Use and Expand v Low Power Consumption v Integrated Design v Operating Voltage: 4.3V6V v Fingerprint Template: 768 templates v User Flash Memory: 64KByte v Interface Protocol: Standard serial interface TTL level v Communication Baud Rate: 57600bps Figure 4 It was used as it is easy to interface with the microcontroller and reduces image processing coding. It gives out serial TTL output which is easy to process. It can be easily controlled by the commands to get the desired output. Adding, deleting, searching and matching commands are easy to implement in this module. 4.6 RFID reader module ID20 This RFID reader module is very simple to use. It has a built in antenna, the only holdup is the 2mm pin spacing (breakout board available below). Power the module, hold up a card, and get a serial string output containing the unique ID of the card. It uses weigand26 protocol. 4.6.1 Pin description Its pin description is as follows: 4.6.2 Features 5V supply v 125kHz read frequency v EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible v 9600bps TTL and RS232 output v Magnetic stripe emulation output v Read range of 16+ cm 4.7 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.7.1 Description MAX232 is an integrated circuit. It converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual driver or receiver and it converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals typically. This provide at output  ±7.5 from 5v supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as  ±25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V. Chapter 5: Implementation 5.1 Designing the RFID reader module We started our project with designing the RFID reader/writer module. The standard we followed was ISO15693 used in library for theft detection of unissued books. The standard frequency used in it was 13.56 MHz. The PCB layout was designed. The IC used in this reader was TRF7960. Its dimension was 4.854.85 mm. The PCB design of the reader was not accurate and of high quality as required. Later on, we came to know that SMD components were required when working with high frequency. Then SMD components were used to design the reader. Its PCB is shown in the figure below: 5.1.1 Problems in the design of the reader The main obstacle we faced in the designing of this RFID reader was that its PCB design required tinning process as the IC consisted of 32 SMD pins, each separated 0.5 mm apart. The size of the TRF7960 IC was very small thus requiring a very accurate PCB. This would require 2-3 months and the time we had was short for this. Thus we switched to ID20 RFID module. This was quiet simple to use and easily available in the market. 5.1.2 Antenna design of TRX7960 The loop antenna used in the previous reader was designed and printed on PCB. Its parameters were found using the formulas and equations of loop antenna. Its parameters were as follows: v Frequency = 13.56 MHz v Impedance = 50 Ohms v Antenna size = 0.027wavelength v Wavelength = 22.123894 m v Quality Factor = 6.75 v Track spacing=0.0508 cm v Track width= 0.127cm v L = 1.2608  µH This loop antenna is required to match with the 50 Ohm and has to be tuned to radiate with a high Q value. Therefore a matching and resonator circuit is used which is composed of a series capacitor, parallel capacitor and a parallel resistor. The capacitances are used to match the inductive load as well as to build a resonator. The resistor is used to decrease the Q-value of the resonant circuit for a better design of antenna. 5.2 Implementation with the RFID module ID20 Due to the obstacles faced in implementing the design of the reader, the RFID reader module was used which gives out serial output. It has a built-in antenna as well as reasonable range. It is placed in the main unit and directly interfaced with the microcontroller. The fingerprint module SM630 and the RF transceiver nRF905 are also connected with the microcontroller. The former has the serial TTL serial input/output while the later has SPI interface. The RS232 is used to connect the main unit with the PC. The database application is installed in the PC which has a record of the student details. For the detection of unissued books, an anti-theft unit is designed in which the RF transceiver is connected with the microcontroller. The RFID reader module is also connected in this unit. 5.3 Working of the system 5.3.1 Main unit There are 5 external buttons attached with the main circuit board. Four of them execute fingerprint module commands and two for the RFID reader. The fingerprint command buttons include Add button for adding new fingerprint, Delete button for deleting the fingerprint, Delete all button for deleting all fingerprint database and a Match button for matching the fingerprint. The function of the one button of the RFID reader is to issue and return the book from the students account. The main unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The MAX232, fingerprint module and RFID reader are operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and also pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. The crystal oscillator IC of frequency 20MHz is connect ed with the pin number 13 of the microcontroller. It generates clock pulses for executing the microcontroller instructions. Thus 5MHz is the operating frequency of the microcontroller. The external buttons for executing fingerprint and RFID functions are connected to port D, with pins from 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. These buttons are pulled down by using 10kohm SIP. SIP is an integrated circuit consisting of resistors on a single chip having one point common. This common point decides the functionality of the SIP. If this point is connected with the VCC, it acts as pull up and vice versa. 5.3.2 Antitheft Unit This unit consists of a microcontroller (PIC18F452), RFID reader (ID-20), RF Transceiver (nRF 905) and some other same components. If any book will pass through this unit RFID will read its ID and send to microcontroller. The microcontroller will send this id to main unit Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID Library Management System Based On Finger Prints And RFID Chapter 1: Introduction Library management system includes areas such as issuing and returning of books, classification of materials, and students console using various techniques. The two main features of this system include theft detection of unissued books and automatic system for issuing and returning of books for its members. The theft detection model that we have designed though as yet merely for demonstrational purposes can be extremely beneficial if implemented properly as a professional library system. The efficient use of technology can greatly enhance the library environment and thus prove a technological milestone in the sector. The key component which plays an important role in this syetem is the Radio-frequency identification(RFID) technology. This technology establishes communication by using radio waves in order to exchange the data between a reader and an electronic tag which is attached to an object(a book), for the purpose of identification. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether RFID technology offers any significant benefit for library management and that how does these benefits reflect to the customer satisfaction. RFID technology had its first commercial applications introduced in the late 1980s. Since then technologies have advanced in different fields causing the cost of RFID tags and readers to go decrease, thus making it easily available to a broader market. For example, as RFID tags have become cheaper, libraries have started adopting this technology, thus ensuring a secure library system. The hardware part in this library management system is comprised of interrogators (also known as RFID readers), RFID tags (also known as labels), the fingerprint module and an alarm. The interrogators or the RFID readers operating on 125KHz are used to read the tag number of the books when brought near to it in order to process its identification number and check for its status. The tags are the devices, small in size, less in thickness, attached to the books having a unique identification number each in order to distinguish between the books. These when placed near the reader sends its identification number to it for further processing. The fingerprint module is used for the student console. The student can login his account for status updates using fingerprint recognition system. The alarm is used in case if an unissued book is sensed by the RFID reader in the exit zone. The software part is composed of the database systems and an interfacing tool for database components. The students details are listed in database systems. These are automatically accessed when the student uses the student console feature. The forms of students are created in the visual studio and this tool is also used to compare the database components with the incoming string in order to update the status of the student. An RFID reader transfers energy to the RFID tag by emitting electromagnetic waves through the air. The tag uses this RF energy to charge up and then emit or send its code to the RFID reader. The reader receives tags response and sends to a host computer or any other external device for further processing. In practical applications of using RFID technology, a tag is attached to a book used to identify the target, when it passes through the area which the reader can read, the RFID tag and its reader builds up the radio signal connections, the tag sends its information to the reader, such as unique code and other data stored on, the reader receives those information and decodes them, and then sends to a host computer so as to complete the whole information processing. The whole management system can be divided into two units namely the main unit and the anti theft unit. There is a wireless connection between these two units. The student can login his account by using the fingerprint rec ognition system. Then he can place the particular book in the area near the RFID reader in order to issue in or return from his account. When passing through the anti theft unit in the exit zone, an RFID reader placed in this zone will read the code of this book and send wirelessly to the main unit, to the PC. There the status of the book will be checked and again sent back to the anti theft unit. If it sends TRUE, the anti theft will let the book go safe and sound. If it sends FALSE, alarm will ring and thus theft will be detected. Chapter 2: literature review 2.1 History of RFID A scientist, Là ©on Theremin invented an espionage tool for Soviet Union which transmitted radio waves with audio information in 1948. The device was a passive covert listening object, not an identification tag, and it attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The RFID technology has been in use from 1921 according to one source (although same source states that the RFID systems have been around since the late 1950s). Mario Cardulistos in 1971 was the first inventor of modern RFID; it was a passive radio tag with memory. Initially, it was a passive device, powered by the interrogating signal, and it was demonstrated in 1974 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users. It was consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates) 2.2 Background RFID systems has established in a wide range of markets including tagging, stock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving objects. 2.2.1 RFID TAGS The RFID tags are also known as â€Å"transponders†. RFID tags can come in many forms, shapes and different sizes. Some are used which are less than 0.05mm, which were used to study the behaviour of ants. Data is stored in the tag IC which is transmitted through the antenna to an RFID reader. There are two commonly used RFID Transponders: Active (that has an internal power source) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered from the RFID reader). 2.2.2 RFID READER A reader (also sometimes called an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transciever, which is being controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader antenna captures data from tags then passes the data to a computer or external source for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag integrated circuit (which is a silicon chip) and then the data is sent to the host computer for further processing. 2.2.3 WORKING OF RFID Information is sent to and received from the RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In systems which are passive, are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field thatâ€Å"energizes† the tag and induces the power into the tag to respond to the reader. The data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner as data scanned from bar code stickers is captured and passed to a PC for processing, storage, and action. 2.2.4 FREQUENCIES OF RFID RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: The commonly used frequencies are: v Low frequency (125/134.2 KHz) v High frequency (13.56 MHz) v Ultra high frequency ( 869 and 915 MHz) v Microwave (2450 MHz) It is important to remember that maximum range is not required in all the applications. Tags in the LF/HF band have a range of 2.25 to 46 cm approximately, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 6.3 meters, and microwave tags can reach 0.5 to 1.9 meters. The range of the tag greatly depends on the surface on which the tag is mounted. 2.3 FUTURE OF RFID RFID is known by many in the industry to be the leading technology for automatic identification and collection of data. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the supply chain of goods of the customers where an RFID tag attached to a consumers product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumers house. 2.4 APPLICATIONS 2.4.1 Electronic Vehicle Registration In many countries of the world, security of vehicles is a major concern, Government uses the RFID system for Vehicle Registration. With implementing RFID systems, we can detect stolen cars and it is helpful in their retrieval also. 2.4.2 Payment by mobile phones Two credit card companies are working with Dallals since 2009, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop specialized micro cards. When these cards are inserted into the mobile phones, the mobile phone directly connects with the bank account and we can use it as credit card. 2.4.3 Transportation payments For traffic management, government use RFID applications. Automotive companies also use various RFID tracking solutions for product management. 2.4.4 Product tracking RFID is also used in product tracking application, begins with plant-based production processes, and then extends into post sales configuration management for large buyers. 2.4.5Animal identification One of the oldest uses of RFID technology is animal tagging. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial in animal identification management. 2.4.6 Museums RFID technologies are implemented for the user also in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, eXspot, at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California. 2.4.7 Race timings RFID can also be used in racing. Till 1990 it is used in animal racing. First time it is implemented in pigeons racing. It is used for registering race start and end timings for animals or individuals in large running races or multi-sport races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant. 2.5 Problems and concerns 2.5.1 Data flooding Each tag generating a message each time when passing a reader may be a desired outcome. However, event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as middleware performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data. 2.5.2 Global standardization Frequencies are using for RFID in the USA currently incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no standard has yet become as universal as the barcode. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to utilize a tag that is operational within all of the international frequency domains. 2.5.3 Security concerns A primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the United States Department of Defenses recent adoption of RFID tags for supply chain management. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in consumer products. 2.5.4 Temperature exposure Currently, RFID tags are glued with an integrated circuit (IC) to an inlay. Vibration and high temperatures can break the connection. If the IC connection break with the inlay, the RFID tag will not transmit 2.6 FINGERPRINT AUTHENTICATION Fingerprint authentication refers to automated method of verifying a match between two fingerprints. Fingerprint is one of the many forms of the biometrics used to identify an individual as well as verify their identity. Each individual has a unique pattern in his fingerprints. There are some unique points in known as minutia points in the fingerprints of the individuals. The number of these points, their location, distance from each other, vary from person to person. Every individual has these characteristics different. 2.6.1 Why fingerprint? In the IT world the end-users use fingerprint authentication due to some reasons, i.e. security, and there is the reason that is why they establish, but it is very expensive to maintain. Other authentication mechanisms like smart cards, tokens, etc. require you to carry something. This is far better than a password, also easies to lose. Losing your credit card or driving license is worse. Information is valuable and harder to track than money. Fingerprints also acts as a simple, trusted and convenient user interface to a well thought security plan. A user authenticated via fingerprints can take advantage of a solid security system minimal education. Chapter 3: Requirements Specification 3.1 Non-functional Requirements 3.2 External requirements 3.3 Functional Requirements 3.3.1 Category 1 Following requirements should be met under given priorities: 3.3.2 Category 2 3.3.3 Category 3 Chapter 4: Project Design 4.1 Architecture Overview The design of the intended product is explained graphically with the help of a block diagram shown in figure below. The diagram explains the overall interactions of the modules and their placements. 4.2 Required Components Microcontroller PIC18F452 RF transceiver nRF905 Fingerprint module SM630 RFID reader module ID20 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC18F452 4.3.1 Description PIC18F452 is the member of PIC18F family. It is a low power, high performance flash 8-bit microcontroller with 32 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard PIC18Fxxx instruction set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a non-volatile memory programmer and in circuit serial programmer (ICSP). The 18F452 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features. 4.3.2 Pin layout 4.3.3 Features and specifications Program memory type flash v Program memory 32 KB v CPU speed 10 MIPS v Data EEPROM 256 bytes v RAM 1536 bytes v Digital communication peripherals 1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C) v Ports A, B, C, D E v I/O pins 32 This microcontroller is more suitable for our project as it has more memory and instruction speed, as required by our system, than 16Fxxx family or ATMEL. The protocols used for digital communication are sort of built-in in this microcontroller. Moreover it is more reliable and efficient than others. 4.4 RF transceiver nRF905 4.4.1 Description The nRF905 is a radio transceiver for the 433/ 868/ 915 MHz ISM band on a single chip. This transceiver consists of fully integrated frequency synthesizer, receiver chain with demodulator, a modulator, a crystal oscillator and a power amplifier. Current consumption is very low, it transmits only 9mA at an output power of -10dBm, and in receive mode 12.5mA. Built-in power down modes makes power saving easily realizable. Its pin configuration is as follows: 4.4.2 Features Data rate 50 kbps v Operating frequency 433 MHz ISM band v Modulation technique GFSK v SPI interface v Power supply range 1.9 to 3.6 V v Channels 11 with v Channel switching time 4.5 Fingerprint Module SM630 SM630 integrated fingerprint identification module is the release of Miaxis Biometrics Company. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, a high performance DSP processor and a Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint enrolment, fingerprint verification, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint download, fingerprint upload, etc. It has four pins connections: 4.5.1 Features High Adaptation to Fingerprints v Easy to Use and Expand v Low Power Consumption v Integrated Design v Operating Voltage: 4.3V6V v Fingerprint Template: 768 templates v User Flash Memory: 64KByte v Interface Protocol: Standard serial interface TTL level v Communication Baud Rate: 57600bps Figure 4 It was used as it is easy to interface with the microcontroller and reduces image processing coding. It gives out serial TTL output which is easy to process. It can be easily controlled by the commands to get the desired output. Adding, deleting, searching and matching commands are easy to implement in this module. 4.6 RFID reader module ID20 This RFID reader module is very simple to use. It has a built in antenna, the only holdup is the 2mm pin spacing (breakout board available below). Power the module, hold up a card, and get a serial string output containing the unique ID of the card. It uses weigand26 protocol. 4.6.1 Pin description Its pin description is as follows: 4.6.2 Features 5V supply v 125kHz read frequency v EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible v 9600bps TTL and RS232 output v Magnetic stripe emulation output v Read range of 16+ cm 4.7 RS232 Driver IC MAX232 4.7.1 Description MAX232 is an integrated circuit. It converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. It is a dual driver or receiver and it converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals typically. This provide at output  ±7.5 from 5v supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as  ±25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V. Chapter 5: Implementation 5.1 Designing the RFID reader module We started our project with designing the RFID reader/writer module. The standard we followed was ISO15693 used in library for theft detection of unissued books. The standard frequency used in it was 13.56 MHz. The PCB layout was designed. The IC used in this reader was TRF7960. Its dimension was 4.854.85 mm. The PCB design of the reader was not accurate and of high quality as required. Later on, we came to know that SMD components were required when working with high frequency. Then SMD components were used to design the reader. Its PCB is shown in the figure below: 5.1.1 Problems in the design of the reader The main obstacle we faced in the designing of this RFID reader was that its PCB design required tinning process as the IC consisted of 32 SMD pins, each separated 0.5 mm apart. The size of the TRF7960 IC was very small thus requiring a very accurate PCB. This would require 2-3 months and the time we had was short for this. Thus we switched to ID20 RFID module. This was quiet simple to use and easily available in the market. 5.1.2 Antenna design of TRX7960 The loop antenna used in the previous reader was designed and printed on PCB. Its parameters were found using the formulas and equations of loop antenna. Its parameters were as follows: v Frequency = 13.56 MHz v Impedance = 50 Ohms v Antenna size = 0.027wavelength v Wavelength = 22.123894 m v Quality Factor = 6.75 v Track spacing=0.0508 cm v Track width= 0.127cm v L = 1.2608  µH This loop antenna is required to match with the 50 Ohm and has to be tuned to radiate with a high Q value. Therefore a matching and resonator circuit is used which is composed of a series capacitor, parallel capacitor and a parallel resistor. The capacitances are used to match the inductive load as well as to build a resonator. The resistor is used to decrease the Q-value of the resonant circuit for a better design of antenna. 5.2 Implementation with the RFID module ID20 Due to the obstacles faced in implementing the design of the reader, the RFID reader module was used which gives out serial output. It has a built-in antenna as well as reasonable range. It is placed in the main unit and directly interfaced with the microcontroller. The fingerprint module SM630 and the RF transceiver nRF905 are also connected with the microcontroller. The former has the serial TTL serial input/output while the later has SPI interface. The RS232 is used to connect the main unit with the PC. The database application is installed in the PC which has a record of the student details. For the detection of unissued books, an anti-theft unit is designed in which the RF transceiver is connected with the microcontroller. The RFID reader module is also connected in this unit. 5.3 Working of the system 5.3.1 Main unit There are 5 external buttons attached with the main circuit board. Four of them execute fingerprint module commands and two for the RFID reader. The fingerprint command buttons include Add button for adding new fingerprint, Delete button for deleting the fingerprint, Delete all button for deleting all fingerprint database and a Match button for matching the fingerprint. The function of the one button of the RFID reader is to issue and return the book from the students account. The main unit is operating on 3.3V and 5V. The RF transceiver and the microcontroller are operating on 3.3V. The MAX232, fingerprint module and RFID reader are operating on 5V. The LF33CV regulator IC is used to maintain 3.3V. For 5V, LM7805 is used in the power supply circuit board. Pin number 1 is pulled up by using 1Kohm resistor and also pulled down using 0.1uF capacitor. Pin number 11 and 32 are connected to VCC and pin number 12 and 31 to the ground. The crystal oscillator IC of frequency 20MHz is connect ed with the pin number 13 of the microcontroller. It generates clock pulses for executing the microcontroller instructions. Thus 5MHz is the operating frequency of the microcontroller. The external buttons for executing fingerprint and RFID functions are connected to port D, with pins from 19, 20, 21, 22 and 27. These buttons are pulled down by using 10kohm SIP. SIP is an integrated circuit consisting of resistors on a single chip having one point common. This common point decides the functionality of the SIP. If this point is connected with the VCC, it acts as pull up and vice versa. 5.3.2 Antitheft Unit This unit consists of a microcontroller (PIC18F452), RFID reader (ID-20), RF Transceiver (nRF 905) and some other same components. If any book will pass through this unit RFID will read its ID and send to microcontroller. The microcontroller will send this id to main unit